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孕吐

孕吐
类型懷孕的症狀和不適[*]恶心
分类和外部资源
醫學專科產科學
ICD-10O21.0
ICD-9-CM643.0
MedlinePlus003119
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

孕吐(morning sickness),俗稱害喜中醫稱為惡阻,也稱為在孕期時嘔吐(nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, NVP),是懷孕期間的症狀,包含噁心嘔吐[1]。雖然英文直譯為晨間不適,噁心或嘔吐的情況卻可能在一天中任何時段發生。典型的孕吐症狀發生在懷孕第四週到第十六週之間 ,約有10%的女性在懷孕第二十週後還是有此症狀[2]。嚴重的症狀稱為妊娠劇吐,且可能導致體重減輕[3][1]。孕吐是許多孕婦懷孕初期會經歷的一種生理現象,約發生自受孕後第5、6週,但也有更早的,因人而異。孕吐常在早晨特別明顯,所以英語稱孕吐為「Morning Sickness」,意即「晨间恶心」。孕吐往往造成孕婦的身心不適,嚴重的孕吐需要接受治療,不過也有孕婦的孕吐現象不明顯甚至本人並無特別的感覺。孕吐的原因尚未有定論。

孕吐的原因尚不明朗,但可能跟人絨毛膜促性腺激素的變化有關[2]。有人認為這可能有利於演化[1],僅有在其他可能原因被歸類、排除後,診斷才有意義[4]。孕吐一般不會有腹痛、發熱或頭痛等症狀[1]

輕微的病例可能不需要除了清淡飲食以外的具體治療[2][4][3] 。如果需要進行治療,首要推薦為服用吡哆醇和維生素B6的複合藥物[4][5]。目前有部分試驗的結果支持使用[4][6];對嚴重的病例,採用其他療方可能不會有幫助,可以嘗試甲基培尼皮質醇。體重減輕的女性可能需要管灌飲食[4]

孕吐在某程度上影響了80%的懷孕女性[5],約有60%的女性曾嘔吐[2],約有1.6%會發生妊娠劇吐[1]。孕吐可能對生活品質帶來負面影響,造成懷孕時期間的工作能力下降、健康照護的花費[4]。通常輕微到中度的孕吐病例不會影響胎兒,大部分嚴重病例仍可能照常生產。有些女性會因為症狀嚴重而選擇墮胎,症狀嚴重時有可能發生併發症如魏尼凱氏腦病變英语Wernicke's encephalopathy食道破裂英语Boerhaave syndrome[1]

參考資料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Practice Bulletin No. 153: Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy.. Obstetrics and gynecology. September 2015, 126 (3): e12–24. PMID 26287788. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Festin, M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy.. BMJ clinical evidence. 3 June 2009, 2009. PMID 21726485. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Pregnancy. Office on Women's Health. September 27, 2010 [5 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-10). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Practice Bulletin Summary No. 153: Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy.. Obstetrics and gynecology. September 2015, 126 (3): 687–8. PMID 26287781. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Koren, G. Treating morning sickness in the United States--changes in prescribing are needed.. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. December 2014, 211 (6): 602–6. PMID 25151184. 
  6. ^ Matthews, A; Haas, DM; O'Mathúna, DP; Dowswell, T. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 8 September 2015, (9): CD007575. PMID 26348534. 

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孕吐
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