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职官 .
职官 是指在国家机构中担任一定职务的官吏,其内容包括职官的名称、职权范围、品级地位等。这个词一般特指東亞 古代的官职设置制度。在原始社会 是没有官的。那时的氏族 和部落 虽然有首领,但是其性质和国家产生以后的官是不同的。而关于中国 夏朝 以前的一些官职的描述,一般认为是缺少可信度的。因此也就是说,职官是从夏朝开始出现的。職官制度也見於一些與中国 頻繁交往國家,例如古代日本 、朝鮮 、越南 、琉球 等。
官员的级别
東亞传统官僚等级的架构中,存在着不同的序列。这些序列作用不同,相辅相成,形成了灵活、多样又组织严密的東亞古代官阶制度,正所谓:“爵者官之尊也;阶者官之次也;品者官之序也;职者官之掌也”:
爵位 :“爵以定尊卑”,多根据亲缘关系和功劳大小而定,并且长期不变,部分爵位可以世袭。
勳官 :“勳以敘功”,獎勵建有軍功或重大功績人員的官號。
职事官:“随其所堪,处以职位”,是根据个人的才能分配具体工作职位,职事官“有职、有位、有权、有责”执掌具体职位,可以被朝廷根据其需要随时调动。
散官 :表示官员实际等级的称号。“一切以门荫结品,然后劳考进叙”,散官按照资历升迁,各级官员都有一个“散位”,以此来标志其个人的身份。与职事官相应成一个行政职位和个人身份互相交错的系统,因此有“以散官定官员班位,以职事官定其职守”的说法,但有低级散官任高级职事官时,称为“守某官”;而高级散官任低级职事官时,称为“行某官”,待遇则按散官的品级。
品秩 禄秩 :是战国 、秦汉以来用“若干石”俸禄额度来区分官僚等级的标志,从中二千石、二千石、千石直至百石,其下还有“斗食”,约有二十多级。魏晋后以“品”为主的官僚分级制度出现后“禄秩”逐渐淡出。日本 則用於幕府 官員。
品位 :“品位”,中國稱為「品」,是自魏晋 以来区分官员等级的标志。北魏孝文帝 将一至九品官品又析分出了正、从、上、下共三十级,称为“九品三十阶”。日本 的品位制度則稱為「位」。朝鮮 、越南 、琉球 品位制度亦稱為「品」。
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