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孙奭.
孫奭[1](962年—1033年),字宗古,宋代经学家。北宋博州博平(今山東茌平)人,后迁居须城(今山东东平)。
幼年師從王彻,学习五经。王彻死後,其门人数百。孙奭精通经术,有问经的人,都为他们解析微旨,众人惊服,年轻时在家乡讲授诸经。端拱二年(989年)九經及第,授莒縣(今山东莒县)主簿,升遷為大理評事、國子監直講。宋太宗親临国子监,召孙奭讲《尚书·说命》,讲到“事不师古,以克永世,匪说攸闻”时,引经讽劝。太宗褒赏,赐五品服。宋真宗時任諸王府侍讀,再擢拔為工部郎中、龍圖閣待制。贬至河阳知县。孙奭生性方直,守道自处。据事理,陈己见,深得皇帝器重,也为时人所敬佩。大中祥符元年(1008年),皇上将迎“天书”,奭对曰:“臣愚,所闻‘天何言哉’,岂有书也?”多次劝阻真宗祀汾阴。大中祥符二年(1009年)判國子監。[2]大中祥符六年(1013年)真宗欲祀太清宫,孙奭又上疏反对,指出明皇之迹不可效,并作《解疑论》。孙奭继承了“夫民,神之主也”的重民轻神的传统,对“劳民事神”的迷信活动进行批判,并建议“抑损虚华,斥远邪佞,罢兴土木”。于是出知密州。二年後,迁左谏议大夫。后任給事中。天禧年间,朱能献《乾祐天书》,他复上书力斥其妄。宋仁宗即位,择名儒为侍读,命孫奭擔任翰林侍講學士,每讲至君昏国亡之事,必反复规讽。参与修《真宗实录》。孙奭奉敕与邢昺等校定诸经正义,考正《尚书》、《论语》、《孝经》、《庄子》、《尔雅》等书的谬误,用以补充陆德明《经典释文》的不足。天圣四年(1026年)宋仁宗命孙奭等人详校唐代律疏,天圣七年(1029年)校毕刊行。孙奭等曾撰《律音义》一卷与律文并行。知審官院,判国子监。丁父忧起复以后,累遷兵部侍郎兼龍圖閣學士。[3]後改禮部尚書,以太子少傅致仕。[4]明道二年(1033年)六月卒於家,得年七十二。[5]有《賡載集》,已佚。有子孙瑜。
曾在宫中讲学二十余年,奉敕校定赵岐《孟子注》。今本《孟子正义》即孙奭所著。朱熹《朱子语录》则谓邵武士人假託,非奭所注。《四库全书总目题要》从之,后收入《十三经注疏》,是诸注疏最劣的一种。平生著作有《经典征言》五十卷、《崇祀录》、《乐记图》、《五经节解》、《五服制度》、《解疑论》、《真宗实录》。另著《孟子音义》、《尔雅释文》等书。 对法律有所研究,著有《律文音义》1卷,《律令释文》1卷。《孟子正义》十四卷、《律文音义》一卷,今存。《尔雅释文》一卷,佚。
- ^ 《說文解字.皕部》:「奭,盛也。」
- ^ 《宋会要·选举》七之一一大中祥符二年六月二七日注:“命职方员外郎、判国子监孙奭同定诸科。”
- ^ 《宋景文集》卷六一《孙仆射行状》:“以都官判太常礼院、国子监、司农寺。明年,除工部郎中,充龙图阁待制、知登闻鼓院。以汾阴诏书,改兵部。”
- ^ 石介《释疑》: "年且六十有九。其年冬,命门人郭稹草书三通,引年告归,其辞激切。明年春,以三书连上,天子不许去,诏断来章。公既不得谢,亦不欲留,又上两封,求守故郡,遂迁工部尚书、知兖州。虽得倀息外藩,公终以违其志,不乐。至鲁之明年夏,复命郡人石介作奏两本。公实康宁无病,期于必得请,托以老且疾。其辞激切,过于前疏。”
- ^ 《長編》云:“明道二年六月辛亥,太子少傅致仕孫奭卒。帝謂張士遜曰:‘朕方欲召奭,遂死矣!’嗟惜者久之。罷朝一日,贈左僕射,諡曰宣。奭性方重,事親篤孝。……疾甚,徙正寢,屛婢妾,謂其子瑜曰:‘無令我死婦人之手也’。”
[在维基数据编辑]
《宋史·卷431》,出自脱脱《宋史》
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