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孑遗.
在生物地理学和古生物学中,孑遗或殘存、残遗、残留,是指某一地质年代很普遍或非常多样化的生物群或类群,后来几乎灭绝,现仅残留的个别分子或此现象[1]。孑遗的物种称为孑遗种,孑遗的属称为孑遗属,孑遗的生物则称孑遗生物。
孑遗种(relict species)又称残存种,狭义上指的是因新生代第四纪发生了多次冰川活动,地球北方物种扩张领域至现代温暖地带,当冰川活动结束或后续地壳变动,其分布缩减至孤立地区形成孤立族群,大多数或全部其他亲缘类群或族群却灭绝,只剩这些少数孤立族群继续生存演化,而保存至今的古老物种。由于长时期演化的结果,现今的孑遗种与其远古时期原初物种可能有不同程度的差异。
广义上的孑遗生物包含了任何远古时代就存在,而现今仍有残存族群的生物,其中包含了活化石;在其漫长的演化史中,经历了一次或数次灭绝事件,大部分族群已灭绝,仅剩稀少残存而地理孤立的族群,但不应包括仍广泛大量存在的活化石(例如蟑螂、蜻蜓)。
孑遗种常分为两个类型[1]:
- 分类学孑遗种:系统发生古老且多样性的类群,而现代种系孤立的类群或现存种。
- 地理学孑遗种:历史上分布广泛,而现在分布区狭窄且演化历史较长的类群或其后代。
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Zhao, Wanyi; Liu, Zhongcheng; Wang, Lei; Fan, Qiang; Liu, Jia; Liao, Wenbo. The endemism and relict property of spermatophyte flora of the Luoxiao Mountains. Biodiversity Science. 2020-07-20, 28 (7): 854. doi:10.17520/biods.2019263.
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