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劉敬 (西漢)

劉敬(?—?),本名婁敬西漢齊國盧邑(今山東省济南長清)人。西汉初年官员。劉敬建议漢高祖劉邦建都關中,劉邦大喜,賜國姓劉。徙六国王室后裔和勢族豪強十余万人至关中,与匈奴和亲,成為漢初之基本國策。

生平

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婁敬本是齊國的戍卒,正被發往隴西(今甘肅一帶)戍邊,同鄉虞將軍引荐他見劉邦,當時將領們籍貫多半為山東六國,建言首都應定於洛邑,婁敬力陳,建都應在關中。刘邦疑而未决,张良明言以建都关中为便,遂定都长安。劉邦大喜,赐姓刘,故稱劉敬,拜为郎中,,號稱奉春君

漢高祖七年(前200年),劉邦派十餘批使節出使匈奴,匈奴故意将精锐部队隐藏,将老弱病残列于阵前。十幾批的使臣回来,都说匈奴可以攻击。刘邦派劉敬去出使匈奴,劉敬回來,向劉邦说,兩國相爭,應該要展現雄壯威武的兵力,但匈奴都只出現老弱殘兵,這一定是他們的詭計,不該攻打匈奴。刘邦怒,大骂:“你這個齊國奴隸,靠著一張嘴當了官,現在還敢亂講,損傷我軍士氣!”将劉敬監禁广武县(今山西省忻州市])。

劉邦先到平城(今山西省大同市),主力未至,冒頓单于傾全國40萬大軍,乘劉邦巡視平城白登山(今山西大同東北)之際,將劉邦團團圍住,即白登之圍。劉邦最終脫逃,並到广武特赦刘敬,向刘敬認錯,封为關內侯,號稱建信侯,食邑二千户。在劉敬的建議下,漢朝從此與匈奴和親,直到漢武帝時代。

評價

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  • 成海應:“婁敬脫輓輅,衣羊裘, 一見高帝, 能成遷都之計, 可謂奇矣。 然帝置社稷關中,蕭何相太子鎭撫者已久,根本固。而山東方經兵火,瘡痍未起,帝豈欲遂都洛乎?特因山東諸將相不欲之故,未能遽决。而婁敬說,乘之所以卽日遷都也。其引周所以都洛之意,非其實也,周方東遷時,豈能計其德與險阻也哉?”[1]

延伸阅读

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[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:史記/卷099》,出自司馬遷史記
维基文库中的相关文本:漢書·卷043》,出自班固漢書

參見

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  1. ^ 『硏經齋全集續集』 10冊, 史論, 婁敬
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劉敬 (西漢)
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