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好奇

一群孩子聚集在美國攝影師托尼·弗里塞爾身旁,好奇的看著她的相機。照片攝於1945年的歐洲

好奇(Curiosity)或是好奇心是對新的事物有興趣,會想要探索、研究學習的特質。觀察人類及其他動物都可以找到這類的例子[1][2]。好奇和人類各層面的發展都高度相關,有好奇才會引發學習的過程,以及想要了解知識及技能的慾望[3]

好奇也可以用在表達想要獲得資訊或是知識的情緒。在人類歷史上,好奇的行為以及情緒不但是人類發展的推動力,也帶動科學、語言及工業的進展[4]

原因

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許多的物種都會有對事物好奇的舉動,像是啮齿目動物[2]。好奇心也是各年齡層的人都會有的[5][1]。研究發現對人類而言,好奇心不是一個固定的屬性,而是可以培養、開發的特質[6]

早期對好奇心的定義是對訊息的強烈渴望[7]。這種渴望的动机是源自對知識、資訊及瞭解的欲望。

傳統對好奇心的概念延伸到考慮「知覺性好奇」(perceptual curiosity,像是所有動物都有,與生俱來的探索行為)以及「知識性好奇」(epistemic curiosity,人類所獨有,對知識的渴望)之間的差異[8]

心理學家丹尼爾·伯利恩英语Daniel Berlyne[9] 找出三類會喚起好奇心的變數:心理學變數(psychophysical variables)、生態變數(ecological variables)及集體變數(collative variables)。心理學變數對應到強度、生態變數對應到渴望的重要性以及任務的相關程度、集體變數是不同刺激和特徵之間的比較,可能是實際感知到的,或是曾經發生過的。伯利恩提到四個集體變數:新奇英语novelty複雜程度英语Complexity不确定性以及衝突(不過伯利恩也提到其他的集體變數也都可能和衝突有關)。例外,伯利恩也提到三個和好奇心有關的補充變數:變化、驚訝及不協調。最後,好奇心不只是會因為接收到和前述變數有關的刺激所引發(特定性探索,specific exploration),也可能會因為沒有刺激,出於厭煩所引發(分散式探索、diversive exploration)[9]

參考資料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Berlyne DE. A theory of human curiosity.. Br J Psychol. 1954, 45 (3): 180–91. PMID 13190171. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1954.tb01243.x. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Berlyne DE. The arousal and satiation of perceptual curiosity in the rat.. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1955, 48 (4): 238–46. PMID 13252149. doi:10.1037/h0042968. 
  3. ^ Zuss, M. (2012) The Practice of Theoretical Curiosity. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing. [缺少ISBN]
  4. ^ Keller, H., Schneider, K., Henderson, B. (Eds.) (1994). Curiosity and Exploration. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing. [缺少ISBN]
  5. ^ Ofer G, Durban J. Curiosity: reflections on its nature and functions. American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1999, 53 (1): 35–51. PMID 10207585. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1999.53.1.35可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ Jirout, Jamie. Development and Testing of the Curiosity in Classrooms Framework and Coding Protocol. Front. Psychol. 7 April 2022, 13. 
  7. ^ Loewenstein G. The psychology of curiosity: a review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin. 1994, 116 (1): 75–98. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.1976可免费查阅. S2CID 11407582. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.75. 
  8. ^ Kidd C, Hayden BY. The Psychology and Neuroscience of Curiosity. Neuron. November 2015, 88 (3): 449–460. PMC 4635443可免费查阅. PMID 26539887. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.010. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Berlyne DE. Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill. 1960. 

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