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鄂圖曼帝國的衰落.
十八世紀後期,鄂圖曼帝國面臨眾多敵人。為了應對這些威脅,帝國發起了一項名為坦志麦特的內部改革,這項改革加強了鄂圖曼帝國的中央集權。鄂圖曼帝國政府對其人民的影響比以往任何時代都大。帝國的改革和現代化進程始於蘇丹塞利姆三世統治期間[1]。儘管鄂圖曼帝國當局試圖改革,但帝國內依舊出現高漲的民族主義運動,特別是在巴爾幹半島上經常出現分離主義活動。帝國內無數次的起義和獨立戰爭,以及俄羅斯在東北部和法國(後來英國)在北非的多次入侵,導致19世紀至20世紀初這段時間內帝國的領土不斷喪失。1908年,鄂圖曼軍隊按照西歐軍隊的模式進行了現代化和專業化,但是不久鄂圖曼帝國參加了第一次世界大戰並戰敗,最終於戰後解體。
- ^ Quataert, Donald. The Age of Reforms, 1812-1914. İnalcık, Halil; Donald Quataert (编). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914 2. Cambridge University Press. 1994: 762. ISBN 0-521-57456-0.
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