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塔木加

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烏古斯人巴岳特部族的塔木加印記
成吉思汗個人的塔木加
朮赤的塔木加
察合台的塔木加
拖雷的塔木加
貴由的塔木加
海都的塔木加

塔木加古突厥語𐱃𐰢𐰍𐰀‎,tamga; 鄂圖曼土耳其語طمغا‎,damga蒙古语ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ西里尔字母тамга),是歐亞游牧民族和受其影響的文化所使用的抽象印記。通常是一個特定的部落,氏族或家庭的象徵。他們在古代和中世紀(包括阿蘭薩爾馬提亞人斯基泰人突厥人蒙古人)的歐亞游牧民族中很常見。

這些印記符號有時被東歐和中亞鄰近裡海-欽察草原的定居民族採用。考古學家認為,塔木加是研究現在和滅絕民族文化的第一手來源。

這些印記在游牧民族中主要用在確定牲畜所屬權,用熱鐵在牲口上加蓋塔木加可防止牲畜被盜。塔木加也用在部落旗幟和牧場界石上。

在蒙古和俄羅斯,「塔木加」這字主要解作印章

土耳其人定居安納托利亞後,逐漸放棄游牧生活,但土耳其帝國仍保留了他們的塔木加符號「弓」,並最終被簡化成一個新月的圖形。

根據學者喀什噶里所著的突厥语大词典,二十二個烏古斯人部落也有他們自己的塔木加。

參考文獻

  • Brook, Kevin Alan. The Jews of Khazaria 3d ed. Rowman and Littlefield. 2018. ISBN 9781538103425 (英语). 
  • Golden, Peter B. The Türk Imperial Tradition in the Pre-Chinggisid Era. Sneath, David; Kaplonski, Christopher (编). The History of Mongolia. Brill. 2006: 68–95. doi:10.1163/9789004216358_005 (英语). 
  • Jacobson-Tepfer, Esther. Monumental Archaeology in the Mongolian Altai: Intention, Memory, and Myth. Brill. 2023. ISBN 978-90-04-53521-3 (英语). 
  • Reychman, Jan; Zajączkowski, Ananiasz. Handbook of Ottoman-Turkish Diplomatics. Mouton. 1968 (英语). 

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塔木加
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