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基因靜默

RNA干擾是細胞達成基因靜默的一種機制

基因靜默(Gene silencing)又稱基因沈默基因沈寂,泛指生物細胞藉各種基因表現調控英语Regulation of gene expression機制抑制某一基因表現的現象[1][2],機制包括DNA甲基化位置效應英语Position effect基因組銘印基因轉應、重复序列诱导点突变[註 1][3]副突變RNA靜默英语RNA silencing(包括RNA干擾、基因压制[註 2]與非配对DNA介导的减数分裂沉默[註 3][4],由miRNAsiRNApiRNA與rasiRNA等小RNA引導)和mRNA降解等,例如許多mRNA3'非轉譯區(3'UTR)即可和miRNA結合,以降低mRNA的轉譯達成基因靜默[5]

生物研究中,研究人員為研究一個基因的功能,會以RNA干擾或CRISPR基因敲落技術達成基因靜默,大幅降低目標基因的表現以檢測其影響,進而推得目標基因的功能。相較於基因剔除完全移除目標基因的表現,基因敲落後目標基因表現雖被抑制,但仍保有一定程度的表現量[6]

临床应用

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名为 Givosiran 的药物是针对δ-氨基酮戊酸合酶1(ALAS1,产生血基質的重要酶)的双链siRNA,能特异性地降解 ALAS1 mRNA,产生基因静默现象,可降低氨基酮戊酸(ALA)与卟胆原的积累,改善急性卟啉症发作症状[7]。美国食品药品监督管理局已于2019年核准为治疗急性肝性卟啉症(AHP)的成人用药[8],并认为它是该领域的首创药物[9]

註腳

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  1. ^ repeat-induced point mutation
  2. ^ gene quelling[4]
  3. ^ meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA,MSUD[4]

參考文獻

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  1. ^ Redberry, Grace. Gene silencing : new research. New York: Nova Science Publishers. 2006. ISBN 9781594548321. 
  2. ^ Gene Silencing. National Center for Biotechnology Information. [11 November 2013]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-08). 
  3. ^ Hood ME, Katawczik M, Giraud T. Repeat-induced point mutation and the population structure of transposable elements in Microbotryum violaceum.. Genetics. 2005, 170 (3): 1081–9. PMC 1451165可免费查阅. PMID 15911572. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.042564. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Nakayashiki H. RNA silencing in fungi: mechanisms and applications.. FEBS Lett. 2005, 579 (26): 5950–7. PMID 16137680. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.08.016. 
  5. ^ Jing Q, Huang S, Guth S, Zarubin T, Motoyama A, Chen J; et al. Involvement of microRNA in AU-rich element-mediated mRNA instability.. Cell. 2005, 120 (5): 623–34. PMID 15766526. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.038. 
  6. ^ Hood E. RNAi: What's all the noise about gene silencing?. Environmental Health Perspectives. March 2004, 112 (4): A224–9. PMC 1241909可免费查阅. PMID 15033605. doi:10.1289/ehp.112-a224. 
  7. ^ Scott LJ. Givosiran: First Approval. Drugs. 2020 Feb;80(3):335-339. doi: 10.1007/s40265-020-01269-0. PMID 32034693.
  8. ^ FDA approves givosiran for acute hepatic porphyria. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). [2021-10-21]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-21). 
  9. ^ New Drug Therapy Approvals 2019. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [2021-10-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-16). 
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基因靜默
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