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地表水

地表水是指位于地球表面之上的液态水,通常指的是陆地(内陆)上的水体,但广义上也包括海洋。地表水绝大多数是由降水融水泉水汇集的地表逕流产生的,當蒸发水蒸气流入地下或变成地下水時,地表水的水位會有所降低;如果地表水的水量超过了其水体容积水道可承载的流量,就会漫过形成洪水浸泡并冲刷周边的陆地,水体旁时常遭受洪水的低平地区称作洪泛平原

陆地上的地表水主要分为三大类,包括湖泊河流湿地草沼树沼)在內的全年不會乾涸的地表水稱為永久性地表水;仅在一年中的特定时间不乾涸的水體稱為半永久性地表水,其中包括季节性乾涸的溪流泻湖池塘[1];由人类活动产生的地表水称为人造地表水,包括水库运河调整池花园池塘沟渠等。

地表水其中相當一部分是淡水,是包括人類在内的所有陆生动物的主要饮用水来源——根据美国国家环境保护局提供的書局,美國居民大约68%的飲用水来自地表水。除了用于饮用外,地表水还可用于灌溉畜牧工业水电以及航运等領域 [2]

参考文献

  1. ^ Department of Environment and Natural Resources. What is Surface Water? (PDF). www.denr.nt.gov.au. [2020-04-06]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-09-21). 
  2. ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency. Fresh Surface Water. US EPA. 2017-11-02 [2020-04-06]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-03) (英语). 
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地表水
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