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圍欄

澳大利亚西部典型的红柳桉树围栏

圍欄又稱籬笆柵欄護欄,是一種用來限制或防止特定範圍內活動的設施,常見於農村園藝場所以及戰亂地區。圍欄由各種材料構成,如棍子竹子蘆葦灌木石頭等,也可使用金屬塑料等其他材料。其作用包括保護院子田園,阻止入侵者,飼養家畜家禽,以及作為裝飾。與圍牆不同的是,圍欄僅限制活動,而圍牆則還限制視野

功能與影響

圍欄作為牧民管理草場的重要設施之一,具有禁牧和退化草地恢復的功能[1]。此外,圍欄也可以阻止偷獵盜獵和限制疾病傳播[1]。然而,圍欄的設置也可能導致野生動物棲息地的丧失和破碎化,影響其迁徙和資源利用,以及阻止种群間基因交流[2][3][4]

分類

根據用途不同,現代圍欄可分為以下幾種類型[5]

  • 畜牧圍欄:對野生動物造成損害最大的類型之一。野生動物嘗試穿越這種帶刺的網圍欄時,往往易受傷。若被圍欄纏住無法挣脫,容易導致野生動物應激反應,並暴露於危險中[6]
  • 隔離圍欄:用於分隔特定區域或限制動物活動範圍。
  • 边界圍欄:用於標示界限或防止入侵者進入特定區域。
  • 保護圍欄:用於保護特定區域免受外部干擾或保護特定動植物種群。

材料與演變

圍欄的材料多種多樣,世界各地均有不同的應用。在拉丁美洲,常見以仙人掌構成的圍欄。而隨著時代的進步,圍欄的建造材料也日益豐富。19世紀後期,鐵絲開始廣泛應用於圍欄的建造,後來更發展出刺鋼絲和通電圍欄等設計,用於動物的圈養和防護。

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Huang, Zhonghong; Chen, Jiajia; Wen, Lijia; Pu, Zhen; Ma, Cunxin; Gao, Yayue; Guo, Yumin. The influence of fence on black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) in southern foothills of Qilian Mountains. Biodiversity Science. 2023-06-20, 31 (6): 22554. doi:10.17520/biods.2022554. 
  2. ^ Milner‐Gulland, E.J.; Lhagvasuren, Badamjavin. Population dynamics of the Mongolian gazelle Procapra gutturosa : an historical analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology. 1998-04, 35 (2): 240–251. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00293.x. 
  3. ^ Forman, Richard T. T.; Alexander, Lauren E. ROADS AND THEIR MAJOR ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 1998-11, 29 (1): 207–231. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.207. 
  4. ^ Berger, Joel. The Last Mile: How to Sustain Long‐Distance Migration in Mammals. Conservation Biology. 2004-04, 18 (2): 320–331. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00548.x. 
  5. ^ Jakes, Andrew F.; Jones, Paul F.; Paige, L. Christine; Seidler, Renee G.; Huijser, Marcel P. A fence runs through it: A call for greater attention to the influence of fences on wildlife and ecosystems. Biological Conservation. 2018-11, 227: 310–318. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.09.026. 
  6. ^ Van Lanen, Nicholas J.; Green, Adam W.; Gorman, Taylor R.; Quattrini, Laura A.; Pavlacky, David C. Evaluating efficacy of fence markers in reducing greater sage-grouse collisions with fencing. Biological Conservation. 2017-09, 213: 70–83. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.06.030. 
  • 丹青圖書出版社,大不列顛百科全書,第15冊,187頁。
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圍欄
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