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四岳，中國漢族上古傳說人物，相传为共工後代。
四岳一說是共工的從孫，《国语·周语下》：“共之从孙四岳佐之。”因助禹治水有功，赐姓姜，封于吕（今河南南阳宛城一代）[1]。堯曾向四岳咨詢誰是好的繼承人，“四岳咸荐虞舜”[2]，堯遂傳位給舜。舜年老時又問四岳：“有能奮庸美堯之事者，使居官相事？”四岳又推薦大禹，“伯禹為司空，可美帝功。”[3]。
《史記》認為四岳是指四人，因此四岳回答時都是“咸荐”、“皆曰”[4]，表示多人異口同聲，孔安国认为四岳指羲和四子[5]。孔平仲认為四岳为一人[6]。曹学佺认为四岳是一个人[7]。王夫之在《尚书稗疏》论述四岳是四人[8]。夏僎说：“凡此皆以四岳为一人，或谓四人，于经无害，故两存之。”[9]
- ^ 《史记·齐太公世家》：“太公望吕尚者，东海上人，其先祖尝为四岳，佐禹平水土，......封于吕，或封于申，姓姜氏。......”
- ^ 《史記·五帝本纪》
- ^ 《史記·五帝本紀》
- ^ “四岳咸荐虞舜”（《五帝本纪》）舜謂四嶽曰：「有能奮庸美堯之事者，使居官相事？」皆曰：「伯禹為司空，可美帝功。」（《五帝本紀》）
- ^ 孔安國《集解》曰：“四岳，即上羲和四子也。分掌四岳之諸侯，故稱焉。”苏轼在《书传》中说：“孔安国以四岳为羲和四子，而太史公以羲和为司马之先，以四岳为齐太公之祖，则四岳非羲和也，当以史为正。”
- ^ 孔平仲在《珩璜新论》中说：“吾尝以四岳为一人，通二十二人之数。……《书》内有百揆、四岳，若以为四人，则百揆亦须为百人矣。”袁仁《尚书砭蔡编》：“四岳者，四方诸侯之长。按《左传》许为太岳之后，明矣。佥曰：“鲧哉”。其非一人。可知孔平仲乃谓四岳为一人掌知四方之事，而蔡《传》因之谬矣。”
- ^ 《书传会衷》：“四岳，官名，一人而总四岳诸侯之事。”
- ^ 朱子言：“四岳乃管领十二牧者，故通九官十二牧为二十二人。《周官》言：‘内有百揆四岳。’则百揆是朝廷九官之长，四岳乃十二牧之长。尧：‘咨四岳，巽朕位。’不成尧欲以天下与四人？”其说本于苏氏古史而蔡氏因之。以实求之，四岳实四人而非一也。十二牧分治诸侯而统于一人，则此一人者岂不代持天子之权哉。帝王命官法函三为一之义，而以一统三，则以四统十二，主于一人。则公天下之心，亦于是而可见矣。
- ^ 夏僎《尚书详解》
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