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四岳,中國漢族上古傳說人物,相传为共工後代。
四岳一說是共工的從孫,《国语·周语下》:“共之从孙四岳佐之。”因助禹治水有功,赐姓姜,封于吕(今河南南阳宛城一代)[1]。堯曾向四岳咨詢誰是好的繼承人,“四岳咸荐虞舜”[2],堯遂傳位給舜。舜年老時又問四岳:“有能奮庸美堯之事者,使居官相事?”四岳又推薦大禹,“伯禹為司空,可美帝功。”[3]。
《史記》認為四岳是指四人,因此四岳回答時都是“咸荐”、“皆曰”[4],表示多人異口同聲,孔安国认为四岳指羲和四子[5]。孔平仲认為四岳为一人[6]。曹学佺认为四岳是一个人[7]。王夫之在《尚书稗疏》论述四岳是四人[8]。夏僎说:“凡此皆以四岳为一人,或谓四人,于经无害,故两存之。”[9]
- ^ 《史记·齐太公世家》:“太公望吕尚者,东海上人,其先祖尝为四岳,佐禹平水土,......封于吕,或封于申,姓姜氏。......”
- ^ 《史記·五帝本纪》
- ^ 《史記·五帝本紀》
- ^ “四岳咸荐虞舜”(《五帝本纪》)舜謂四嶽曰:「有能奮庸美堯之事者,使居官相事?」皆曰:「伯禹為司空,可美帝功。」(《五帝本紀》)
- ^ 孔安國《集解》曰:“四岳,即上羲和四子也。分掌四岳之諸侯,故稱焉。”苏轼在《书传》中说:“孔安国以四岳为羲和四子,而太史公以羲和为司马之先,以四岳为齐太公之祖,则四岳非羲和也,当以史为正。”
- ^ 孔平仲在《珩璜新论》中说:“吾尝以四岳为一人,通二十二人之数。……《书》内有百揆、四岳,若以为四人,则百揆亦须为百人矣。”袁仁《尚书砭蔡编》:“四岳者,四方诸侯之长。按《左传》许为太岳之后,明矣。佥曰:“鲧哉”。其非一人。可知孔平仲乃谓四岳为一人掌知四方之事,而蔡《传》因之谬矣。”
- ^ 《书传会衷》:“四岳,官名,一人而总四岳诸侯之事。”
- ^ 朱子言:“四岳乃管领十二牧者,故通九官十二牧为二十二人。《周官》言:‘内有百揆四岳。’则百揆是朝廷九官之长,四岳乃十二牧之长。尧:‘咨四岳,巽朕位。’不成尧欲以天下与四人?”其说本于苏氏古史而蔡氏因之。以实求之,四岳实四人而非一也。十二牧分治诸侯而统于一人,则此一人者岂不代持天子之权哉。帝王命官法函三为一之义,而以一统三,则以四统十二,主于一人。则公天下之心,亦于是而可见矣。
- ^ 夏僎《尚书详解》
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