吠陀
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| 印度教 |
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吠陀（梵語：वेद，羅馬化：Veda，又译为韦达经、韦陀经、围陀经等），是吠陀教最重要和最根本的教典。“吠陀”意思是“知识”、“启示”。广义的“吠陀”文献包括很多种性质不同的经典，即吠陀本集、梵书、森林书和奥义书[1]。
吠陀本集
[编辑]四部吠陀本集是：
四部吠陀本集中以《梨俱吠陀》最早，最初的部分可以追溯到公元前2000年时代，正值印度河文明的時期，雅利安人大體居住在印度的西北印度河两岸的时期。其他三卷吠陀经皆是《梨俱吠陀》的衍生作品，相继成书于后，最晚集结完成的為《阿闼婆吠陀》。後三卷吠陀經中的神曲，不是部分《梨俱吠陀》神曲的復述，便是在它基礎上的發展而來。吠陀神曲有長有短，長曲是一曲多頌。短曲是一曲數頌或僅有一頌。多數頌由四句構成，少數由三句構成。
著作吠陀的时代被称为印度的吠陀时期。它使用比印度梵語更为古老的语言，稱為吠陀梵語。
疑典
[编辑]在十八世紀, 一些基督敎徒創作了《埃祖爾韋丹》並聲稱它就是「失傳的第五韋達」，以便把基督敎包裝成「原純印度教」來促進基督敎的傳播，後來該書被證明是疑典[2]。
梵书
[编辑]梵书是以散文体写成的关于吠陀宗教使用的各种复杂祭祀的讲述和讨论。最重要的梵书有《百道梵书》、《爱达罗氏梵书》、《海螺氏梵书》、《牛道梵书》等。
森林书
[编辑]本质上和奥义书没有什么区别的一类著作，据说是“隐居在林中无法从事复杂的祭祀而代以冥思的老年人”的作品。存世的森林书很少。
奥义书
[编辑]神秘主义哲学的著作，不再讨论祭祀（或反对祭祀）。存世数量巨大。特别重要的有《歌者奥义书》、《广林奥义书》等。
在印度教教內的地位
[编辑]雖然印度教現今的許多信奉者含蓄地承認《吠陀經》的權威，但是這種承認經常被認為「只不過是一個宣言，以此證明他自己（或她自己）是一個印度教徒」[3]，以及「今天的大多數印度人對於《吠陀經》的態度只是口頭上的尊崇，對文本的內容表現得毫不在意」[3]。利普納表示印度教的一些信奉者挑戰《吠陀經》的權威，從而含蓄地承認它在印度教歷史上的重要性[3]。
註釋
[编辑]- ^ 《印度通史》，第63页
- ^ Altruistic World Online Library • View topic - Ezourvedam: A French Veda of the Eighteenth Century. survivorbb.rapeutation.com. [2023-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-04）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lipner, Julius. Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge https://books.google.com/books?id=oH1FIareczEC. 2012-10-02. ISBN 978-1-135-24060-8 （英语）. 缺少或
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參考文獻
[编辑]- 《印度通史》，商务印书馆，书号：11017·224
- Apte, Vaman Shivram, The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary 4th revised & enlarged, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1965, ISBN 81-208-0567-4.
- Avari, Burjor, India: The Ancient Past, London: Routledge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9
- Harold G. Coward. Karl Potter , 编. The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies 5. Princeton University Press. 1990 [2016-11-16]. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5. （原始内容存档于2020-12-21）.
- Filliozat, Pierre-Sylvain, Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature, Chemla, Karine; Cohen, Robert S.; Renn, Jürgen; et al (编), History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science), Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004, ISBN 9781402023200[失效連結]
- Flood, Gavin, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-43878-0
- Flood, Gavin (编), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2003, ISBN 1-4051-3251-5
- Holdrege, Barbara A. Veda and Torah. SUNY Press. 1995. ISBN 0-7914-1639-9.
- MacDonell, Arthur Anthony, A History of Sanskrit Literature, New York: D. Appleton and Co, 1900, OCLC 713426994 (full text online（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)
- Mahadevan, T. M. P, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia; Dhirendra Mohan Datta , 编, History of Philosophy, Eastern and Western, George Allen & Unwin, 1952, OCLC 929704391
- Michaels, Axel, Hinduism: Past and Present, Princeton University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-691-08953-1
- Monier-Williams, Monier (编), Dictionary, English and Sanskrit, London: Honourable East-India Company, 1851 [2016-11-16], OCLC 5333096, （原始内容存档于2020-08-14） (reprinted 2006 as ISBN 1-881338-58-4)
- Muir, John. Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and Progress of the Religion and Institutions of India. Williams and Norgate. 1861.
- Müller, Max. Chips from a German Workshop. New York: C. Scribner's sons. 1891..
- Patrick Olivelle. Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India. Oxford University Press. 1999 [2016-11-16]. ISBN 978-0-19-283882-7. （原始内容存档于2020-12-21）.
- Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; Moore, Charles A. (编), A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy 12th Princeton Paperback, Princeton University Press, 1957, ISBN 0-691-01958-4
- Staal, Frits, The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen, North Holland Publishing Company, 1986
- Smith, Brian K., Canonical Authority and Social Classification: Veda and 'Varṇa' in Ancient Indian Texts, History of Religions (The University of Chicago Press), 1992: 103–125, doi:10.2307/1062753
- Sullivan, B. M., The Religious Authority of the Mahabharata: Vyasa and Brahma in the Hindu Scriptural Tradition, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Summer 1994, 62 (1): 377–401, doi:10.1093/jaarel/LXII.2.377
- Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus. Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. 2011 [2016-11-16]. ISBN 978-3-11-018159-3. （原始内容存档于2021-01-10）.
- Witzel, Michael (ed.), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997
- Zaehner, R. C., Hindu Scriptures, London: Everyman's Library, 1966
延伸閱讀
[编辑]- 概論
- J. Gonda, Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, A History of Indian literature. Vol. 1, Veda and Upanishads (1975), ISBN 978-3-447-01603-2.
- J. A. Santucci, An Outline of Vedic Literature (1976).
- S. Shrava, A Comprehensive History of Vedic Literature — Brahmana and Aranyaka Works, Pranava Prakashan (1977).
- 深入報告
- M. Bloomfield, A Vedic Concordance (1907)
- Vishva Bandhu, Bhim Dev, S. Bhaskaran Nair (eds.), Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa: A Vedic Word-Concordance, Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiarpur, 1963–1965, revised edition 1973-1976.
- 會議論文
- Griffiths, Arlo and Houben, Jan E. M. (eds.), The Vedas : texts, language & ritual: proceedings of the Third International Vedic Workshop, Leiden 2002, Groningen Oriental Studies 20, Groningen : Forsten, (2004), ISBN 90-6980-149-3.
外部連結
[编辑]
- Sketch of the Historical Grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Edward Vernon Arnold, Journal of the American Oriental Society
- On the History and the Present State of Vedic Tradition in Nepal（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Michael Witzel
- GRETIL etexts（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- A Vedic Concordance, Maurice Bloomfield, Harvard University (an alphabetic index to every line, every stanza of the Vedas published before 1906)
- An Enlarged Electronic Version of Bloomfield's A Vedic Concordance（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Harvard University
- The Vedas at sacred-texts.com（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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