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嘎裂声

嘎裂声
◌̰
編碼
HTML碼(十進制)̰
Unicode碼(十六進制)U+0330

嘎裂声(又称吱嘎声挤喉声紧喉声等等,声乐领域又叫气泡音,英語:creaky voice)是一种特殊的发声态,低于常态音区。[1][2]部的杓状软骨被拉拢,因此声带强烈地收紧,使得声带又短又紧、短厚而僵硬,其频率极低[3],远低于发音人的最低声域[4],通常以20~50 Hz的频率不规则振动,低于常态浊声约两个八度,通过声门的气流非常缓慢。嘎裂声可能见于音高极低的情形下(如韵律单位末),但也可能见于较高的音高。[5]所有这些都会使说话者的声音听起来吱吱作响或沙哑。

气泡音/嘎裂声演示

语音学

英语公认发音中,嘎裂声被描述为声门强化的一种方式:attempt [əˈtʰemʔt]可以实现为[əˈtʰem͡m̰t][6]

哈拉帕马萨特克语等语言中,嘎裂声具有音位地位,即嘎裂声的存在与否会改变单词的意义。[7]国际音标中,语音的嘎裂声表示为波浪号附加符号 U+0330 ◌̰ COMBINING TILDE BELOW,如[d̰]丹麦语韵律特征stød是喉化形式的一个例子,具有音位功能。[8]朝鲜语辅音出现的轻微喉化称作“僵声”。[9]

社会

说话和演唱中使用的嘎裂声常称作“气泡音”"(vocal fry)。

有证据表明,21世纪初,美式英语人群中年轻女性口语的气泡音变得越来越普遍。[10]研究人员Ikuko Patricia Yuasa发现,美国大学生认为女性的嘎裂声是“犹豫不决、不具攻击性、不正式的,但也是受过教育、面向城市、上进心强的表现”。[10]

有理论认为,女性可能会用嘎裂声模仿男性的低沉声区,让自己听起来更“权威”、更可信。[11][12][13][14]Yuasa[10]还进一步推论说,由于加利福尼亚州是美国流行文化的中心,许多娱乐业都扎根于此,美国年轻人可能会因为所消费的媒体,而不自觉地多用嘎裂声。

命名

嘎裂声因其特殊性,无论在中文还是英文中,都有很多名称。

出现的语言

普通话 

普通话第三声调上声的音节常常带有嘎裂。

另见

參考文獻

  1. ^ Titze, I. R. The Human Instrument. Scientific American. 2008, 298 (1): 94–101. Bibcode:2008SciAm.298a..94T. PMID 18225701. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0108-94. 
  2. ^ Titze, I. R. Principles of Voice Production. Prentice Hall. 1994. ISBN 978-0-13-717893-3. 
  3. ^ Type of phonotation. [2017-12-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-29) (英语). Creak phonation (also called vocal fry) is also produced with vibrating vocal folds but at a very low frequency. 
  4. ^ 朱晓农. 6.2 嘎裂声的声学性质. 语音学. 北京. 2010-03: 93. ISBN 978-7-100-06681-5. 由于声带厚实而僵硬,所以带嘎裂声的音频率极低,远远低于发音人本人声域的最低限。 
  5. ^ Kuang, Jianjing. Covariation between voice quality and pitch: Revisiting the case of Mandarin creaky voice. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2017-09-01, 142 (3): 1693–1706. Bibcode:2017ASAJ..142.1693K. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 28964062. doi:10.1121/1.5003649可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ Roach, Peter. British English: Received Pronunciation (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2004, 34 (2): 241. S2CID 144338519. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768可免费查阅. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-09-05). 
  7. ^ Ashby, M.; Maidment, J. A. Introducing Phonetic Science. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 98 [2012-06-30]. ISBN 978-0-521-00496-1. 
  8. ^ Basbøll, Hans. The Phonology of Danish. Oxford University Press. 2005: 24. ISBN 978-0-19-824268-0. The Danish stød [...] is [...] a syllable prosody manifested by laryngealization. 
  9. ^ Ahn, Sang-cheol; Iverson, Gregory K. Dimensions in Korean Laryngeal Phonology*. Journal of East Asian Linguistics. October 2004, 13 (4): 345–379. ISSN 0925-8558. S2CID 123061263. doi:10.1007/s10831-004-4256-x. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Yuasa, I. P. Creaky Voice: A New Feminine Voice Quality for Young Urban-Oriented Upwardly Mobile American Women?. American Speech. 2010, 85 (3): 315–337. doi:10.1215/00031283-2010-018. 
  11. ^ Dilley, L.; Shattuck-Hufnagel, S.; Ostendorf, M. Glottalization of word-initial vowels as a function of prosodic structure (PDF). Journal of Phonetics. 1996, 24 (4): 423–444. doi:10.1006/jpho.1996.0023. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-05-22). 
  12. ^ Coates, Jennifer. Women, men and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language. Routledge Linguistics Classics 3rd. London: Routledge. 2016. ISBN 9781138948785. doi:10.4324/9781315645612. 
  13. ^ Hollien, Harry; Moore, Paul; Wendahl, Ronald W.; Michel, John F. On the Nature of Vocal Fry. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research (American Speech–Language–Hearing Association). 1966, 9 (2): 245–247. PMID 5925528. doi:10.1044/jshr.0902.245. 
  14. ^ Borkowska, Barbara; Pawłowski, Bogusław. Female voice frequency in the context of dominance and attractiveness perception. Animal Behaviour (Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour, Elsevier). 2011, 82 (1): 55–59. S2CID 53275785. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.024. 
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嘎裂声
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