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語音

语音学语言学中,语音[1]是任何可区分的說話声音手势,无论此声音是否对的意义具决定性(或“对词义具区别性”)。語音是具體存在的物理現象。

语音可认为是用来表示语言的声音符号(即语言的物质外壳),也可定义为人的发音器官所发出来的具有一定意义的声音。最小的實際語音单位為單音,而在建構成單音時,可能需要幾個音素合併成的「切音」。

  • 與語音相對的概念是音位,其为语音学中具词义区别性的最小单位。在某個語言中,語音與語音之間的對照會造成意義的區別。表達相同語義的語音集合稱為音位
以中文普通話為例,浊辅音[b]與清不送氣辅音[p]不會造成語義的區別,因此浊辅音[b]和清不送氣辅音[p]都劃歸為同一個音位/p/;但清不送氣辅音[p]與清送氣辅音[ph]之間的對照則會產生語義差異,因此清送氣辅音 [ph]屬另一個音位/ph/。
相較之下,在英語中,浊辅音[b]與清不送氣辅音[p]會造成語義的區別,因此浊辅音[b]和清不送氣辅音[p]分屬不同的音位/b/與/p/;但清不送氣辅音[p]與清送氣辅音[ph]的差異就不會造成語義不同,因此這兩個語音被歸為同一個音位/p/。
  • 被歸於同一個音位的類似但不同的語音稱為同位音

参见

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参考

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  1. ^ 彭宣维. 语言过程与维度. 清华大学出版社有限公司. 2002: 47 [2023-08-19]. ISBN 9787302058410. (原始内容存档于2023-08-19). 

延伸阅读

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  • Crystal, David. Linguistics. Baltimore: Penguin. 1971. 
  • Eugene E. Loos, general editor. What is a phone?. LinguaLinks: Glossary of linguistic terms. SIL International. 1997-09-18 [16 December 2013]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-12). 
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