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喀喇河屯行宫.
喀喇河屯行宫,位于河北省承德市双滦区滦河镇西北,是清朝所建的皇家行宫。
历史
喀喇河屯行宫是清朝在塞外建造时间最早、规模最大的皇家宫苑。位于滦河镇西北,滦河、伊逊河汇合处的南北两岸。“喀喇河屯”(蒙古语:ᠬᠠᠷᠠ
ᠬᠤᠳᠠ,转写:khar hot[转写种类不明])是蒙古语“黑城”、“乌城”或“旧城”之意的音译。顺治七年(1650年)七月四日,摄政王多尔衮谕:“……今拟止建小城一座,以便往来避暑。”加派九省錢糧246萬兩白銀興建灤河北的避暑城,顺治八年二月,多尔衮狩獵期間病死於此。
顺治八年(1651年)十二月,顺治帝亲政之后,谕令户部停建避暑城。这座避暑城是喀喇河屯行宫的前身。康熙四十年(1701年)十二月十八日,喀喇河屯行宫开始筹建。康熙四十三年(1704年)完工。[1]
喀喇河屯行宫是清朝皇帝北巡、秋狝、避暑驻跸的行宫。皇帝常在此行猎、接见蒙古王公、接受题奏、理政。这里在避暑山庄建成前,是清朝在北京之外的又一政治中心。[1]
咸丰十一年(1861年),清廷下令停止全部行宫修缮工程。此后从同治元年(1862年)到民国十九年(1930年),行宫屡遭破坏。1920年5月,兴建滦平县公署时,拆除宫殿25间,砍伐古松330棵。1925年,东北陆军第三师兴建营房时,拆毁逍遥趣楼正殿、后殿以及亭子,将木材和匾额运走。到1928年10月,喀喇河屯行宫树木已被砍尽。日军侵占滦平县之后,拆除残存的全部殿宇,在原址兴建了兵营(人称“北大营”)。中华人民共和国成立后,1959年拆除兵营,兴建承德钢铁厂附属的学校与医院。如今喀喇河屯行宫仅存遗址。[2]
建筑
喀喇河屯行宫是由“样式雷”第二代传人雷金玉设计。整个行宫由滦阳别墅(位于滦河北岸)、行宫区(位于滦河南岸)、小金山(位于滦河中间)组成。《复查行宫清册》记载:“东至蓝旗营子,西至宫后,南至红旗营子,北至滦河,宫基占地九十一亩。”[2]
- 滦阳别墅:位于苑景区西部,滦河湾两个山包间的坡台上,和小金山共同形成园中园。乾隆年间又有增建。[2]滦阳别墅北邻山,东到滦河镇下弯村的耕地,西和南都到滦河畔,两处宫殿区占地面积113亩。[1]滦阳别墅分东、西两院,东、西、北三面环绕有半封闭式游廊,中间用长廊隔开。东院前部是大殿,庭院内有假山、花木。西院大殿曰“翠云堂”,建于乾隆年间,阶前四株古松。翠云堂南为虬盖亭,虬盖亭南临水设有钓鱼台,和小金山相接。[2]
- 行宫区:周围有虎皮石围墙,总面积589亩。[1]
- 小金山:行宫区和滦阳别墅之间的滦河中央有一小岛,康熙帝取名“小金山”。[1]
喀喇河屯行宫建成后,附近相继建成穹览寺、琳霄观、文昌祠、孔庙、龙王庙、龙母庙、雹神庙、财神庙、药王庙、静妙寺、御书寺等17处寺庙。其中,穹览寺、琳霄观、静妙寺、神祇坛、御书寺为敕建官庙。喀喇河屯行宫遗址周边现存穹览寺、琳霄观、关帝庙、清真寺等寺庙。[1]
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