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商隊驛站

位於卡拉季的沙阿-阿拔斯商隊驛站全景

商隊驛站(英語:Caravanserai[1]是建立於古代貿易路線上專為整日跋涉後疲憊的商隊旅人們提供住宿、歇息和照料牲口等各種服務的客棧 [2]。商隊驛站在亚洲北非以及东南欧地區重要的貿易路線網絡中承擔著商業、信息與人員之間傳遞交流的重任,特別是在歷史悠久的丝绸之路上更是普遍可見商隊驛站的蹤跡。

商隊驛站不僅出現於古老的絲綢之路上,早在阿契美尼德王朝時期所建成的波斯御道,這條長達2,500公里(1,600英里)的古代公路沿途同時也林立著為數眾多的商隊驛站,學者希羅多德在《歷史》一書中記述了從薩第斯直至蘇薩的路況:「接下來講述此公路的實際情形:在這條大道上的任何地方都蓋有王室所設立的駐所以及優良完善的商隊驛站,但凡道路所經之處皆為有人煙居住的地帶,沿路極為安全而少有危險。」[3],此外於印度次大陸大幹道沿線的城市中,尤其在莫卧儿帝国的首都德里孟加拉蘇巴一帶亦廣設有眾多聲名遠播的商隊驛站供旅行者休憩。

阿拉伯文獻中的商隊驛站

以色列阿卡柱子客栈

阿拉伯地理學家馬克迪斯英语Al-Maqdisi在公元985年寫下有關當時位於大敘利亞一帶巴勒斯坦地区供旅行者休憩的客棧與旅館等相關的紀錄,馬克迪斯在文獻中提到:「在敘利亞課徵的稅收並不沉重,但於商隊驛站中所徵收的稅金卻是個例外,驛站內的旅人會被抽取極為苛刻的高昂稅款...」[4]這裡提到的稅款是指當地政府官員針對進口貨物與商品所徵收的關稅,通常旅途中的商人們會與他們負責搬運貨物的牲畜在驛站中留宿或是稍作歇息,而驛站中的每個大門都會設有警衛,以確保進出的商人會完整繳交他們所攜帶貨物的稅款,課徵的貨品關稅是當時法蒂玛王朝主要的收入來源之一。

建築與功能

伊朗法爾斯省亞茲德哈斯特商隊驛站英语Izadkhast Caravanserai

最典型的商隊驛站建築形式一般會蓋有正方形或矩形高聳的牆壁圍繞,並設立高、寬度足夠讓體型龐大的骆驼或其他大型載運重物的馱獸所進出的出入口。驛站內的庭院幾乎都是設計為未加蓋頂篷向天空敞開的開放式設計,圍牆內另築有內牆以區隔成不同功能的區域,像是:畜欄英语Animal stall、裝卸區、壁龕與房間等處供應來往的商人及其隨行僕役使用,並確保能容納數量眾多的牲畜與貨品[5]

商隊驛站會供應用水給人群和動物使用,並提供基本的清洗以及像是小淨大淨英语Ghusl淨禮英语Ritual purification的服務,一些驛站內還會設有功能完善的浴場供人洗浴。此外,牲口們也會被工人們餵飽饲料,旅行者也可在驛站中找到專為旅人所開設的商店,並從店中獲得足夠的物資與補給,有時候店家也會反過來向旅行商人們購買新商品[6]

14世紀建於阿塞拜疆木爾坦尼商隊驛站英语Multani Caravanserai,其建築風格相當古老,以最傳統方形高牆圍繞中庭的工法建造,牆內的庭院周圍設有涼台,今日古老的建物已改建成一間現代化的餐廳供來訪的客人用餐[7]

商隊驛站列表

圖集

相關條目

參考文獻

  1. ^ Dictionary.com – caravansary. [31 Jan 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-12). )
  2. ^
     
    Chisholm, Hugh (编). Caravanserai. Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911. 
  3. ^ "The History - Herodotus" - http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ Mukaddasi, Description of Syria, Including Palestine, ed. Guy Le Strange, London 1886, pp. 91, 37
  5. ^ Sims, Eleanor. 1978. Trade and Travel: Markets and Caravansary.' In: Michell, George. (ed.). 1978. Architecture of the Islamic World - Its History and Social Meaning. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 101.
  6. ^ Ciolek, T. Matthew. 2004-present. Catalogue of Georeferenced Caravansaras/Khans页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Old World Trade Routes (OWTRAD) Project. Canberra: www.ciolek.com - Asia Pacific Research Online.
  7. ^ Multani caravanserai on the Silk Road. www.advantour.com. [2019-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-20). 

延伸閱讀

  • Branning, Katharine. 2018. turkishhan.org页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The Seljuk Han in Anatolia. New York, USA.
  • Cytryn-Silverman, Katia. 2010. The Road Inns (Khans) in Bilad al-Sham. BAR (British Archaeological Reports), Oxford. ISBN 9781407306711
  • Encyclopædia Iranica, p. 798-802
  • Erdmann, Kurt, Erdmann, Hanna. 1961. Das anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts, 3 vols. Berlin: Mann, 1976, ISBN 3-7861-2241-5
  • Hillenbrand, Robert. 1994. Islamic Architecture: Form, function and meaning. NY: Columbia University Press. (see Chapter VI for an in depth overview of the caravanserai).
  • Kiani, Mohammad Yusef. 1976. Caravansaries in Khorasan Road.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Reprinted from: Traditions Architecturales en Iran, Tehran, No. 2 & 3, 1976.
  • Schutyser, Tom. 2012. Caravanserai: Traces, Places, Dialogue in the Middle East. Milan: 5 Continents Editions, ISBN 978-88-7439-604-7
  • Yavuz, Aysil Tükel. 1997. The Concepts that Shape Anatolian Seljuq Caravansara. In: Gülru Necipoglu (ed). 1997. Muqarnas XIV: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 80-95. [archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8967/doc/DPC1304.pdf Available online as a PDF document, 1.98 MB]

外部連結

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商隊驛站
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