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咸丘蒙.
咸丘蒙 |
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本名 | 氏:咸丘 名:蒙 |
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国籍 | 齊 |
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活跃时期 | 戰國時期 |
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知名于 | 孟子弟子 |
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咸丘蒙,戰國時齊國人[1],生卒年不詳,孟子弟子,晚年隱居。以所居地為氏[2]。
咸丘蒙問孟子,古語「國君不得把有高尚德行的人當作臣子,父親也不能把他當作兒子。舜稱天子時,堯與瞽叟都北面拜之。」這句話是否屬實?孟子說這是齊東鄉人之語,不是君子說的話。孟子說舜在堯仍在世時只是攝政,堯死後還率天下服喪三年。如果堯死時舜已經是天子了,那麼天下就有兩個天子了。咸丘蒙受教,繼續追問道,《詩經》中有「普天之下,莫非王土;率土之濱,莫非王臣」的話,那瞽叟一定要是舜的臣子了。孟子則說,這句詩不是這樣解釋的,解說《詩經》的人不應該以自己的意志來推測作者的意志。舜以天下來奉養父母,是做孝子的極致了[3]。
《孟子外書》記載,孟子母喪,咸丘蒙為其辦理喪器之事[4]。
- ^ 《孟子注疏·卷九上》
- ^ 《孟子四考·卷四》
- ^ 《孟子·萬章上》:咸丘蒙問曰:「語云:『盛德之士,君不得而臣,父不得而子。舜南面而立,堯帥諸侯北面而朝之,瞽瞍亦北面而朝之。舜見瞽瞍,其容有蹙。孔子曰:「於斯時也,天下殆哉,岌岌乎!」』不識此語誠然乎哉?」孟子曰:「否。此非君子之言,齊東野人之語也。堯老而舜攝也。堯典曰:『二十有八載,放勳乃徂落;百姓如喪考妣,三年,四海遏密八音。』孔子曰:『天無二日,民無二王。』舜既為天子矣,又帥天下諸侯以為堯三年喪,是二天子矣。」咸丘蒙曰:「舜之不臣堯,則吾既得聞命矣。詩云:『普天之下,莫非王土;率土之濱,莫非王臣。』而舜既為天子矣,敢問瞽瞍之非臣,如何?」曰:「是詩也,非是之謂也。勞於王事,而不得養父母也。曰:『此莫非王事,我獨賢勞也。』故說詩者,不以文害辭,不以辭害志;以意逆志,是為得之。如以辭而已矣,雲漢之詩曰:『周餘黎民,靡有孑遺。』信斯言也,是周無遺民也。」「孝子之至,莫大乎尊親;尊親之至,莫大乎以天下養,為天子父,尊之至也;以天下養,養之至也,詩云:『永言孝思,孝思維則。』此之謂也。書曰:『祇載見瞽瞍,夔夔齊栗,瞽瞍亦允若。』是為父不得而子也。」
- ^ 《孟子外書·孝經第三》:孟母之喪,門弟子各治其事,陳臻治貨,季孫郊治車,咸丘蒙治器,萬章治縗,充虞治櫬,公都彧治饌,陳代治牲,樂正克治儀,公孫丑治賓客。」
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