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潮解

潮解(Deliquescence)指的是物质从空气吸收水分,变为溶液的现象。

吸湿性(Hygroscopy)则指物质从空气中吸取水分的性质。常见的有棉花纤维素类物质,以及焦糖蜂蜜甘油乙醇甲醇硫酸等水溶性高的物质,或者和空气成分反应产生易溶于水的物质,如红磷。易潮解的物质一定具有吸湿性,而具有吸湿性的物质不一定会潮解。

易潮解的物质

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易潮解的物质通常是在水中溶解度大的,如大部分的硝酸盐(硝酸铁硝酸汞等)、大部分的高氯酸盐(高氯酸铜高氯酸锌等)、一些卤化物(氯化锌氯化镁氯化钙等)、一些钠盐、铯盐(如高锰酸钠碳酸铯等)之类的化合物。一些物质如果可以和空气中的组分反应,产生水,那么会加速潮解,比如氢氧化钠与空气中的二氧化碳反应时,便会产生水。需要注意的是,有些化合物虽然在水中溶解度大,但是不易或不会潮解,比如硝酸铅

应用

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  • 高氯酸镁易潮解,具有很强的吸湿性,在化学上常作为干燥剂[1]
  • 氯化钴有吸湿性,无水物吸湿得到不同的水合物,颜色发生变化。利用这一性质做成变色硅胶。
  • 氯化钙有吸湿性,所以家用的吸湿器中主要成分为氯化钙。

危害与防止潮解的措施

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化学上,潮解经常让试剂变质,一是单纯潮解,如硝酸锰水合物潮解后得到硝酸锰溶液,二是潮解时伴随反应,如高氯酸亚铁在潮解的时候就会迅速和氧反应,产生铁(III)的碱式高氯酸盐。为了防止潮解,需要将这类试剂密封干燥保存,必要时放入干燥器,以变色硅胶作为水的指示剂。

参考文献

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  1. ^ H. H. Willard, G. F. Smith. The Preparation and Properties of Magnesium Perchlorate and its Use as a Drying Agent. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1922, 44 (10): 2255–2259. doi:10.1021/ja01431a022. 
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潮解
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