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可逆元

单位又被称为可逆元。在數學裡,於一(有单位的) 內的可逆元是指一 的可逆元素,即一元素 使得存在一於 內的 有下列性質: ,其中 是乘法單位元

亦即, 內乘法幺半群的一可逆元素。

可逆元群

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主条目:单位群

的可逆元組成了一於乘法下的 ,稱做 可逆元群(或单位群)。可逆元群U(R)有時亦被標記成R*R×

在一可交換單作環R內,可逆元群U(R)以乘法作用R上頭。此一作用的軌道(orbit)被稱為結合集合;換句話說,存在一於R上的等價關係 ~ ,且當r~s時,表示存在一可逆元u使得r=us

U是一由環範疇至群範疇函子:每一個環同態 f : RS 都可導出一群同態U(f) : U(R) → U(S),當f會將可逆元映射至可逆元時。此一函數子有為整數群環結構的左伴隨。

一個環R是一個除環若且唯若R* = R \ {0}。

例子

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  • 整數環裡,可逆元為±1。其每一軌道內都有兩個元素n和−n
  • 任一單位根均是某一單作環內的可逆元。(若是一單位根,且,則亦為的元素)。
  • 代數數論裡,狄利克雷单位定理證明了許多代數整數環內可逆元的存在域。例如,在環,因此都是可逆元。
  • 在環,於一上的矩陣內,其可逆元恰好就是可逆矩陣
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可逆元
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