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受難曲.
《受難曲》(Passion)是以耶穌受難史為題材所創作的音樂,而大部分歌詞取自《聖經》福音書的內容,這也同時是受難曲整體的主要架構。受難曲的發展甚早,不同時空其形式也不盡相同。在新教德國,成熟的受難曲主要採用清唱劇的形式演出,也就是純粹歌唱而不演戲,並以不同音域的歌手充當其中角色,類似題材較為狹隘的神劇。
中世紀時已有將受難史「唱」出來的概念;13世紀則出現以不同音域的歌手充當不同角色的做法。到16世紀,無論天主教或新教地區,都有許多作曲家嘗試發展這種形式。而受難曲的定型與壯大則要推至17世紀中以後,由德國作曲家許茨(Heinrich Schütz)等人根據神劇的概念來完成。此時戲劇性較強的宣敘調逐漸取代素歌(plainsong)作為旁白的歌唱方式,且配器更為自由,插入曲的種類也越來越多樣。在巴哈的創作下,受難曲達到空前絕後的高度。
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