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參與觀察法

參與觀察Participant observation)是一種研究方法。它被廣泛運用於許多學科,特別是文化人類學,也包括社會學、溝通研究、社會心理學。其目的是與一個特定人群(例如,一種宗教、職業、次文化群體或一個特定社群)及其行為,建立一種密切與親近的熟悉感,這是透過在這個人群所自然生活的環境中,密集地參與他們的生活。這種研究方法源自於社會人類學家的田野調查,尤其是來自馬凌諾斯基以及他在英國的學生,美國法蘭茲·鮑亞士的學生,以及社會學芝加哥學派的都市研究。

人類學運用參與觀察以產生一種書寫,名為民族誌。民族誌的本質可以是應用的,也可以是學術性。這套方法的一項重要原則,在於研究者個人並不僅僅進行觀察,更需在這個群體裡找到一個角色,從這個角色以某種方式參加其中,而不僅是「旁觀者」。外顯的參與觀測,其範圍僅限於這個受研究社群所瞭解並允許進行研究的文化脈絡。 對於外顯的參與觀察的批評者,認為這項研究接下來將會受限於這個人群的行動者,在社會層面所建構的公開的前台行為。這個社群的守門者確保這個已知的研究工作,不會進入後台;這使得隱蔽的參與觀察策略變得有其必要,特別是對於政府機構或犯罪組織的研究。[1]

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Douglas, J.D. Investigative Social Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. 1976 [2011-06-28] (英语). 
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參與觀察法
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