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原始漢族

原始漢族(英語:Proto-Han peopleProto-chinese people),為使用原始漢語的古代族群,被認為分支自原始漢藏族,為后来的华夏族以及现代汉族的共同先祖。

起源學說

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學界一般支持原始漢族是自原始漢藏族分支出來,原始漢藏族的语言起源有德內-高加索語系假說、泛喜馬拉雅語系假說、汉-南岛语系南方大語系假說三個主要假說。

德內-高加索語系假說認為漢藏语系與北高加索語系、葉尼塞語系等有同源關係,認為漢藏語系起源於西伯利亞葉尼塞河流域。美國學者許靖華認為漢藏人在公元前六千多年,因氣候變冷,離開塞尼塞河南下,進入黃河上游,擊敗原居於中國東南方的苗族與傜族先民,進居中國中原地區[1]

中华人民共和国学者高晶一認為汉语的雅言属于汉藏语系,而汉语的俗语属于汉芬兰语系,这跟黄帝部落北迁有关。

汉-南岛语系假說與南方大語系假說認為,漢藏語系與侗台語系南島語系等等共同起源於亞洲南部,苗瑶语系也可能可以被納入其中。

中華人民共和國學者方漢文等,認為東夷是原始漢族的主要起源[2][3]

學者白桂思認為漢語與藏語是兩支平行發展的語言,不是出自共同語言。

族群上,漢藏同源[4],亦有研究指出漢藏人起源自東亞南部一帶,於距今4萬至2萬年前間北上至黄河上游,後再移居至黃河中下游,建立仰韶文化與大汶口文化,形成漢族先祖[5][6][7]

泛喜馬拉雅語言假說認為,早期人類經喜馬拉雅山脈一帶東遷,在亞洲南部地區形成原始漢藏族,之後沿川藏一帶至黃河中上游,在黃河中上游地區,分支成原始藏緬族與原始漢族兩支。原始藏緬族朝黃河上游一带,向川藏、雲南與印度南方發展,原始漢族繼續往黃河中下游移居,建立大汶口仰韶文化[8]馬蒂索夫認為原始漢藏族起源自喜馬拉雅山區,於公元前4000年左右在黃河流域上游分化出原始漢族[9]

中華人民共和國復旦大學學者金力團隊於2019年發表論文,以遺傳學與貝葉氏統計方法研究,指出在西元前6000年的中國黄河上游地區,原始漢藏語分支出原始漢語與原始藏緬語[10]。2020年,另一群研究者則將時間推至西元前8000年[11]

考古遺跡

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大汶口文化[5][6]磁山文化[12]可能是由原始漢族建立。在之後的仰韶文化馬家窑文化,與原始漢族有緊密關係[13][14][15]

龍山文化也被認為與原始漢藏族或原始漢族有關[16][17]

參考文獻

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  1. ^ 甘錫安譯,許靖華著《氣候創造歷史》,台北聯經出版社,2012年。
  2. ^ 方漢民〈中國文明本土東部起源說新證〉,中華人民共和國《社會科學報》,2012年。
  3. ^ 羅驥、鞏紅玉〈論漢族主體源於東夷〉,中華人民共和國《雲南民族學院學報》,2002年。
  4. ^ 青藏科考新发现:实证汉藏同源,并将青藏高原人类活动历史推至20万年前. [2024-05-03]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-03). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Deng, Wei; Shi, Baochen; He, Xiaoli; Zhang, Zhihua; Xu, Jun; Li, Biao; Yang, Jian; Ling, Lunjiang; Dai, Chengping; Qiang, Boqin; Shen, Yan. Evolution and migration history of the Chinese population inferred from Chinese Y-chromosome evidence. Journal of Human Genetics. 2004-07, 49 (7) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 1435-232X. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0154-3. (原始内容存档于2022-10-14) (英语). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yan, Shi; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Lu, Yan; Ding, Qi-Liang; Wei, Lan-Hai; Li, Shi-Lin; Yang, Ya-Jun; Jin, Li; Li, Hui; the Genographic Consortium. Late Neolithic expansion of ancient Chinese revealed by Y chromosome haplogroup O3a1c-002611: Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomes in China. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 2013-05, 51 (3) [2022-10-13]. doi:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2012.00244.x. (原始内容存档于2023-01-23) (英语). 
  7. ^ 田阡子、孙宏开、江荻. 《汉藏语数据与东亚人类的渊源》. 西南民族大学学报. 2007, 28 (11): 38–42 [2021-05-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-14). 「漢藏語群體的祖先最初來源于東亞的南部,在約20000到40000年前,一個携帶Y染色體m122突變的群體最終到達了黃河中上游盆地,在這裏約10000年前發展起了新石器文化」 
  8. ^ Van Driem, George. Sino-Bodic. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1997, 60 (3) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 619539. (原始内容存档于2022-10-13). 
  9. ^ Matisoff, James A., Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects, Annual Review of Anthropology, 1991, 20, JSTOR 2155809, doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.20.1.469. 
  10. ^ Zhang, Menghan; Yan, Shi; Pan, Wuyun; Jin, Li. Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic. Nature. 2019-05, 569 (7754) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31019300. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1153-z. (原始内容存档于2022-03-15) (英语). 
  11. ^ Zhang, Hanzhi; Ji, Ting; Pagel, Mark; Mace, Ruth. Dated phylogeny suggests early Neolithic origin of Sino-Tibetan languages. Scientific Reports. 2020-11-27, 10 (1) [2022-10-13]. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7695722可免费查阅. PMID 33247154. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77404-4. (原始内容存档于2022-11-07) (英语). 
  12. ^ Sagart, Laurent; Jacques, Guillaume; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis. Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2019, 116 (21): 10317–10322. PMC 6534992可免费查阅. PMID 31061123. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817972116可免费查阅. 
  13. ^ Zhang, Menghan; Yan, Shi; Pan, Wuyun; Jin, Li. Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic. Nature. 24 April 2019, 569 (7754): 112–115. PMID 31019300. S2CID 129946000. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1153-z. 
  14. ^ Bradley, David. Subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages. 10th International Conference on Evolutionary Linguistics, Nanjing University. 27–28 October 2018. 
  15. ^ LaPolla, Randy. The origin and spread of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Nature. 2019, 569 (7754): 45–47. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31036967. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01214-6可免费查阅 (英语). 
  16. ^ Wen, Shao-Qing; Tong, Xin-Zhu; Li, Hui. Y-chromosome-based genetic pattern in East Asia affected by Neolithic transition. Quaternary International. Domestication East Asia. 2016-12-28, 426: 50–55. Bibcode:2016QuInt.426...50W. ISSN 1040-6182. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.03.027 (英语). 
  17. ^ Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Ye, Hui-Yuan; Wang, Z.; Liu, Y.; Liu, J.; Wang, Fei; Yao, Hongbing; Chen, P.; Tao, R.; Wang, Shouyu. Peopling of Tibet Plateau and multiple waves of admixture of Tibetans inferred from both modern and ancient genome-wide data. bioRxiv. 2020. S2CID 220366671. doi:10.1101/2020.07.03.185884可免费查阅. 
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原始漢族
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