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占田制.
占田制,與課田制為西晉並行的兩種土地制度。西晉太康元年(280年)晉武帝頒佈占田令「以名占田」,分王室、官員及平民三種。王室:王、公、侯,應以封國為家,但可在京城有房屋一棟。大國國王得郊田15頃、次國得10頃、小國得7頃。官員:依照官員的品第准許其佔據一定面積的田地、蔭客數及蔭戶數;平民:人民向國家登記戶口,並呈報所占田畝數。占田令規定男子一人占70畝,女子30畝。从占田制的内容看,它是一种既保护政府收入,又保护士族特权的土地制度。首先,占田制并非官方授予田地,也不是没收地主大族土地授予农民,而是在曹魏原来屯田制破坏后,允许农民占有开垦无主荒地。占田制度对于官僚士族占田,荫客等有特权方面的规定,其主要精神在于确认与保护他们的既得利益(已占有的大量土地与人口),而非限制。与曹魏自耕农相比,西晋农民的户调增加二分之一,田租增加一倍,因为政府计征是按人丁而非曹魏的校亩,不论人丁是否占足规定的课田,都按法定课田数交租。但是,与屯田制下农民相比,解除了军事管制下的强迫劳动;拥有土地,也提高了农民生产积极性,占田数高于课田数,鼓励了人们的开垦荒地。
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