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千户制

千户制,又称为敏罕蒙古语ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ鲍培转写mingγan西里尔字母мянган),是古代蒙古族军政合一的社会组织形式。[1]

千户制源于鮮卑族在游牧時代的兵制,在中原地區轉換成府兵制衛所制,亦形成女真人猛安谋克制度,及成吉思汗的蒙古族所沿袭,改变了原先蒙古各氏族部落杂居的状况。[1][2]该制度在1204年攻打乃蛮部之前便已实行。1206年蒙古帝国成立后,成吉思汗将蒙古编为九十五个千户,任命八十八位开国功臣为千户那颜(即千户长),由他们统领千户,并由其子孙世袭。千户之上还设有万户,其下则有百户、十户。[2][3]

元代又将万户、千户分别分为上、中、下三等,百户分为二等,并分别设有万户府、千户所百户所[2]千户所按所辖军士多少划分,七百人以上为上千户所,五百人至七百人为中千户所,三百至五百人则为下千户所。[4]每一千户所还设有达鲁花赤一人。[2]

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 门岿. 《二十六史精要辞典》. 人民日报出版社. 1993. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 陈永龄. 《民族词典》. 上海辞书出版社. 1987. 
  3. ^ 王槐茂. 《成吉思汗》. 中国社会科学出版社. 2009. 
  4. ^ 吕宗力. 《中国历代官制大辞典》. 北京出版社. 1994. 
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千户制
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