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十姓.
十姓,古代突厥语族部落名称。
- 十姓一作十姓部落、十箭、十设。西突厥十个部落的总称。亦称十姓部落。突厥土门可汗之弟室点密统十大首领出定西域,自为可汗,号“十姓部落”。唐太宗贞观初年,咥利失可汗分所属为两厢十姓,东厢号“五咄陆”,各置一啜率领,有五大啜,居碎叶川(今楚河)东;西厢号“五弩失毕”,各置一俟斤率领,有五大俟斤,居碎叶川西。姓授一箭,大首领称大箭头,自此“十姓”亦称“十箭”。阿史那贺鲁统治西突厥时,十姓部落悉归其统治。唐平定阿史那贺鲁,十姓部落地区由濛池都护府、昆陵都护府两个都护府管辖,十姓部落也归并于唐朝。
- 十姓回纥,组成回纥部落的十个氏族。古代回纥人民对其祖先氏族社会的历史传说,和九姓回纥并列。实际上,十姓回纥是高车袁纥部的意译。袁纥为On Uigur的音译。On为突厥语和回鹘语“十”,Uigur即回纥,所以,On Uigur的意译即为“十姓回纥”。成书于14世纪的波斯史学家拉施德·丁的《史集》,在《第三编》的《畏兀儿部落》一节中,提到忽惕一塔黑山周围有一处有十条河,有些回纥人住在这里,就叫做“十姓回纥”;另一处有九条河,有些回纥人住在那里,就叫做“九姓回纥”。那十条河人们也称之为“十嗢昆”。古代畏兀儿诸部的驻地就在这些河流沿岸,沿着十条河流居住的称为温(aun)-畏兀儿,即十姓回鹘;而住在九河地区的,称为脱忽思(tuguz)-畏兀儿,即九姓回鹘。
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