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什一奉獻

什一奉獻(或什一税什一捐),常用於指猶太教基督宗教的宗教奉獻,歐洲封建社會時代用來指教會向成年教徒徵收的宗教稅。

源於《聖經舊約》時代,其希伯來文原意是「十分之一」。在古代近東的國家,其中有迦南腓尼基阿拉伯等國都有什一奉獻的習俗以維持崇拜及國家支出。[1]

沿革

據《聖經·創世記》記載,亞伯拉罕把所得的十分之一獻給撒冷城的麥基洗德,這普遍被視為什一奉獻之起源。直至摩西律法將其具體制度化地執行,以色列人將此獻給上帝耶和華及支持利未支派的事奉工作。[2]在4世紀以前的基督教會並沒有奉行什一奉獻,信徒隨自己意願自由捐獻。自羅馬帝國將基督教納為國教後,教會開始鼓吹徵收。[3]在第六世紀以前,什一奉献又漸漸在天主教和西歐普及。及至公元567年和585年,什一奉獻被提到的大公會議,並最終採納為對教會奉獻的必要標準。[3]

公元779年法蘭克王國查理大帝訂立法律實施什一税,西歐各國在10世紀中葉相繼實行,視之為稅金宗教改革運動之後,什一稅制仍在天主教基督新教國家裡繼續執行。羅馬教廷德意志地區的皇帝在1563年召開特倫多大公會議重申教徒必須繳付什一稅。[3]隨後歐洲國家政權與教會間發生矛盾,歐洲國家逐漸廢除此稅制,以其它的稅收形式取替。時至現代,仍有一些基督教派引申《舊約聖經》,規定信徒實行什一奉獻;另一些基督教派則鼓勵信徒憑信心奉行什一奉獻,以應付教會運作的財務需要和開支。

摩西律法下的什一奉獻

根據摩西律法所載,以色列人的一切出產之十分之一都當歸給上帝耶和華。十分之一與祭物要獻在指定地方,祭司會將其作獻祭及利未支派之酬勞,每三年用當年土產的十分之一來幫助社會內的有示弱細小眾。相關的重點條例如下:

类似的中國的什一税

周朝,當時實行徹法,除了公田之外,另外農民還要將其所得的十分之一納予國家[4],但這並非宗教稅。在春秋戰國時代之後,這種井田制度便逐漸不獲採用。

伊斯蘭中

在古代伊斯蘭國家,耕作官地的農民需繳交收成1/10,名哈拉吉稅英语Kharaj

參考文獻

  1. ^ 當納之十分之一页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),武林英雄帖
  2. ^ 《聖經·民數記》18:21,24 :「凡以色列中出產的十分之一、我已賜給利未的子孫為業、因他們所辦的是會幕的事、所以賜給他們為酬他們的勞。……因為以色列人中出產的十分之一、就是獻給耶和華為舉祭的、我已賜給利未人為業、所以我對他們說、在以色列人中不可有產業。」
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 中國大百科智慧藏:什一稅
  4. ^ 尚書大傳》卷二:「王者十一而稅,而頌聲作矣」
  • Albright, W. F. and Mann, C. S. Matthew, The Anchor Bible, Vol. 26. Garden City, New York, 1971.
  • The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Vol. 4 "E." Chicago, 1958.
  • Fitzmyer, Joseph A. The Gospel According to Luke, X-XXIV, The Anchor Bible, Vol. 28A. New York, 1985.
  • Grena, G.M. LMLK--A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1. Redondo Beach, California: 4000 Years of Writing History. 2004. ISBN 0-9748786-0-X. 
  • Speiser, E. A. Genesis, The Anchor Bible, Vol.1. Garden City, New York, 1964.
  • Kelly, Russell Earl, "Should the Church Teach Tithing? A Theologian's Conclusions about a Taboo Doctrine," IUniverse, 2001.
  • Matthew E. Narramore, "Tithing: Low-Realm, Obsolete & Defunct" - April 2004 - (ISBN 0–9745587–02)
  • Croteau, David A. "You Mean I Don't Have to Tithe?: A Deconstruction of Tithing and a Reconstruction of Post-Tithe Giving" (McMaster Theological Studies)

外部連結

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什一奉獻
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