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北印度

北印度印地語उत्तरापथ),又稱北天竺,也叫雅利安·伐爾塔,約當印度次大陸北方,今印度北方、巴基斯坦阿富汗一帶。古婆罗谜文佛经中北印度指古印度贍部洲(Jambudvipa)的北疆。

最初北印度一词指北疆商路--沿恒河流域经过旁遮普邦塔克西拉通往大夏的北疆商道。北疆商道东起西孟加拉恒河口的塔姆鲁克(Tamluk)。这条北印度古时最长的商路在印度孔雀王朝由与和印度东海岸的海港交通繁忙而十分著名。后来北印度又指北印度商路所经过的北疆。至于北印度的疆域范围,历来都不十分明确。有以下几种说法:

北印度的良马

北印度自古以良马和马贩著名。根据佛典记载,北印度的剑浮沙健馱邏大夏克什米尔等地的马贩曾将马匹和其他货物不但运往东印度、摩揭陀国阿萨姆(Assam)和孟加拉(Bengal)等地,还远运到缅甸中国西南部和僧伽罗等东南亚地区。

公元前12年,张骞出使西域时在大夏看见市场上居然售卖蜀布和邛竹,经过调查,原来这些货物是经过云南缅甸东印度,再从东印度经过北印度商路转运往大夏的。 北印度和东印度西印度南印度的贩马贸易,一直进行到中世纪。孟加拉国王德哇啪拉(810年-850年)、迈瑟尔国国王 Vishnuvardhana Hoysala都拥有强大的甘菩遮战马骑兵团。

巴利文文献显示,在佛陀诞生前几百年来,北印度剑洴沙、健馱邏身毒等国曾通过剑浮沙到堕罗钵底(Dvaravati)的商路到达巴鲁卡港(Bharoch)和孟买附近的帕坦纳(Pattana)港,然后出海到南印度、僧伽罗缅甸各地通商。巨大的商船曾从这些港口直航到缅甸南部。一些北印度人还在缅甸的伊洛瓦底河(Irrawaddy)、锡唐河(Sittang)、萨尔温江流域的城镇定居(稱金地)。

与古罗马帝国通商

考古证据显示,在公元初到公元200年,罗马人曾通过古吉拉特半岛到北疆的健馱邏、甘菩遮和大夏经商。从罗马输入到健馱邏的金币往往被熔化成金条

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北印度
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