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包絡線

建立曲線族的包絡線。

包絡線(Envelope)是幾何學裡的概念,代表一條曲線與某個曲線族中的每條線都有至少一點相切。(曲線族即一些曲線的無窮集,它們有一些特定的關係。)

設一個曲線族的每條曲線可表示為,其中是曲線族的參數是特定曲線的參數。若包絡線存在,它是由得出,其中以以下的方程求得:

若曲線族以隱函數形式 表示,其包絡線的隱方程,便是求下面兩個方程的解x和y之隱函數關係。

繡曲線是包絡線的例子。直線族(其中是常數,是直線族的變數)的包絡線為拋物線[1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

證明

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設曲線族的每條曲線

設存在包絡線。由於包絡線的每點都與曲線族的其中一條曲線的其中一點相切,對於任意的,設表示和包絡線相切的那點。由此式可見,是包絡線的變數。要求出包絡線,就即要求出

的切向量為,其中

在E的切向量為。因為的函數,而此處,局部求導有:

類似地得

因為在該點相切,因此其切向量應平行,故有

其中。可用此兩式消去。整理後得:

參考

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參見

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外部連結

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包絡線
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