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光電報

光電報(英語:Optical telegraph)是指事前設置一系列由一人或多人操作的光學指示設備,並藉由視覺訊號(光通訊的形式)的電報組合,長距離傳遞文字訊息英语Information transfer。由於光電報可以傳遞和讀取的距離受到地理和天氣的限制,因此在實際應用上,其長距離的訊息傳遞往往需仰賴大量中繼塔的設置。其中藉由把數個中繼塔串聯起來,讓每一個中繼塔重複前一個中繼塔的訊號,使得訊息能夠在短時間內傳遞相當長的距離。這樣的方式遠比藉由驛遞員傳遞訊息更為可靠,而且長期經營的成本也相對較低。不過除非有島嶼可以設置中繼塔,否則光電報往往無法穿越大片的水域。

早在古代東羅馬帝國時期,便有使用不同顏色火焰或煙霧傳遞訊息的紀錄。而在歷史上,許多國家曾經出現過基本原理相似的光電報系統,不過執行方式則相當多樣:從相對簡單的火焰、煙霧、號誌燈德语Blinker (Militär),到相對複雜的旗語國際信號旗回光通信機英语Heliograph摩斯電碼燈等。此類系統又可以分成兩種類型:

  • 訊號電報:使用可以控制的指示工具,並依照指示工具事前設定的方式傳達訊息。
  • 號誌電報:使用可以旋轉的面板阻擋或傳遞光線,藉此傳達訊息。

1791年,法國發明家克勞德·查普發明能夠傳遞字元編碼查普電報英语Chappe telegraph裝置,同樣將該裝置設置在一排中繼塔頂部,每個塔的距離均在彼此視線範圍內。其中每一個中繼塔的人員都會藉由望遠鏡觀測鄰近的中繼塔,當發現裝置開始移動並傳遞訊息後,中繼塔的人員在讀取訊息,便會將訊息傳遞給下一個中繼塔[1][2][3]。查普電報系統在18世紀末至19世紀中葉成為使用最廣泛的通訊裝置,並建置相對應的通訊網絡。不過在這之後,相對更為便宜、速度更快、且更為私密的電報系統,逐漸取代既有的光電報系統。而時至今日,光電報系統仍然影響現代的旗幟訊號和號誌訊號。

參考資料

  1. ^ Burns 2004Chapter 2: Semaphore Signalling
  2. ^ Telegraph. Encyclopædia Britannica 10 6th. 1824: 645–651. 
  3. ^ David Brewster (编). Telegraph. The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia 17. 1832: 664–667. 

參考文獻

  • Burns, R. W. Communications: an international history of the formative years. 2004. ISBN 978-0-86341-327-8. 
  • Crowley, David and Heyer, Paul (ed) (2003) 'Chapter 17: The optical telegraph' Communication in History: Technology, Culture and Society (Fourth Edition) Allyn and Bacon, Boston pp. 123–125
  • Edelcrantz, Abraham Niclas, Afhandling om Telegrapher ("A Treatise on Telegraphs"), 1796, as translated in ch. 4 of Holzmann & Pehrson.
  • Holzmann, Gerard J.; Pehrson, Bjorn, The Early History of Data Networks, John Wiley & Sons, 1995 ISBN 0818667826.
  • Huurdeman, Anton A., The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 ISBN 0471205052.

外部連結

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光電報
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