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先验概率

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贝叶斯统计中,某一不确定量p的先验概率(英語:Prior probability)分布是在考虑「观测数据」前,能表达p不确定性的概率分布。它旨在描述这个不确定量的不确定程度,而不是这个不确定量的随机性。这个不确定量可以是一个参数,或者是一个隐含变量(latent variable)。依據應用領域的不同,事前機率又叫做先驗機率、先驗概率、事前先驗機率、居先機率。[1]

「Prior probability」的各地常用名稱
中国大陸先验概率
臺灣事前機率
港澳先驗概率
日本、韓國漢字事前確率

在使用贝叶斯定理时,我们通过将先验概率与似然函数相乘,随后标准化,来得到后验概率分布,也就是给出某数据,该不确定量的条件分布。

先验概率通常是主观的猜测,为了使计算后验概率方便,有时候会选择共轭先验。如果后验概率和先验概率是同一族的,则认为它们是共轭分布,这个先验概率就是对应于似然函数的共轭先验。

參考資料

[编辑]
  1. ^ 雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網: prior probability. 國家教育研究院. [2021-03-30] (中文(臺灣)). 
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先验概率
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