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先锋物种

先锋物种(pioneer species)也称灾后群系(disaster taxon),是一个生态学概念,指得是一个生态环境演替早期或中期阶段的优势物种,在生态恢复过程中常常被使用。对于一个受到破坏丧失原有植物相的环境,因为大量生态位被空出,一些抢先恢复繁衍的物种因为缺少其它物种与之竞争,所以相对容易生存并发生辐射适应,称为当地生物群系中更有种群规模的生物群落

对于不同的生态群落,先锋物种往往不同且有多种。用先锋物种搭建生态群落的方法称为物种框架方法。对于一个待恢复的生态群落,通常采用喜光的、易于传播的草本植物作为先锋物种,它们在演替的早期出现,可以改变地区土质,为其它植物恢复定殖创造条件,这个阶段被称作先锋阶段。次生植被出现后,逐步进入群落的演替阶段或发育阶段,最终形成的稳定系统到达演替顶级。先锋物种在演替过程中可能被替代,比如于高大乔木的出现,喜光的草本植物往往不能适应树下阴暗潮湿的环境,从而被喜阴的植物替代。同样,先锋物种也可能会抑制后来物种的发展。

此外,一個關鍵種通過創造新的生態位可以促會先鋒種的引入,例如海狸引發洪水。[1]

被选为先锋种的植物往往具备生长快,种子产量大,有较高的扩散能力等特点,通常会使用原生的植物,尽量不使用外来物种,避免难以预料的生态问题。动物很少被作为先锋物种提出,因为在植被条件不成熟时,食草动物种群也不能恢复。有时位于食物链底端的食草动物被称为先锋物种,食草动物的出现可以辅助植物传播,并可招引其他动物,有助于食肉动物的恢复种群。

先锋物种在生态恢复中也是可以忽略的。通过建立先锋物种搭建物种框架的办法在短期内很难恢复生态功能,因人为活动而造成的区域隔离和物种消失,仅靠自然是很难恢复生态群落的。对于这种情况,可以跳过先锋物种,不种植先锋物种,直接种植演化成熟阶段的植被来人为地恢复多样性。这就是生态恢复的另一种办法最大多样性方法。

參考

[编辑]

先驅植物

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Wallwork, John Anthony. Ecology of Soil Animals. McGraw-Hill. 1970. ISBN 0070941254. 
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先锋物种
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