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先行组织者.
先行组织者(advance organizer)是认知心理学的代表人物、美国教育心理学家大卫·奥苏伯尔于1960年提出的一个教育心理学的概念,也是他在教学理论方面的主要贡献之一。
根据奥苏伯尔的解释,学生面对新的学习任务时,如果原有认知结构中缺少同化新知识的适当的上位观念,或原有观念不够清晰或巩固,则有必要设计一个先于学习材料呈现之前呈现的一个引导性材料,可能是一个概念、一条定律或者一段说明文字,可以用通俗易懂的语言或直观形象的具体模型,但是在概括和包容的水平上高于要学习的材料(因此属于下位学习),构建一个使新旧知识发生联系的桥梁。这种引导性材料被称为先行组织者。
先行组织者在学生学习较陌生的新知识,缺乏必要的背景知识准备时对学生的学习可以起到明显的促进作用,有助于学生理解不熟悉的教材内容。
使用先行组织者,有助于促进学习的迁移,对于需要解决问题的迁移测验项目有明显的促进作用。如果学习材料只要求机械记忆,则效果不明显。
- 有意义言语材料学习与保持中先行组织者的使用 (1960年)。/教育心理学杂志,51,267-272。
- 保卫先行组织者:对批评者的答复(1978)/教育研究回顾,48,251-257。
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