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偏差音

音樂上的偏差音(inharmonicity)是樂器的本性,代表樂器發出的泛音頻率偏離其基本頻率整數倍的特性。

鋼琴

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Railsback曲線

鋼琴調音(調律)中,所有平均律都需要微調,因為琴弦的剛性(stiffness)會產生偏差音。

1943年,Schuck和Young兩位科學家首次測得鋼琴的偏差音。相對於平均律的鋼琴偏差音見Railsback曲線圖[1]。圖中顯示偏差音向鋼琴左右兩端擴大,偏離平均律的最大值約±30音分,差不多是一個半音的1/3。理論物理學家費曼在1961年的書信中描述金屬線的剛性與琴弦頻率偏移之間的關係如下式。真實的頻率等於

其中f是基頻;T是弦的張力;A是弦的截面積;E是鋼的楊式模數μ是單位長度鋼的質量7.8 g/cm乘以單位截面積(單位是cm²)[2]。這說明琴弦天生具有泛音偏高的本性。偏高的泛音導致鋼琴調音師調高了高音域的音高,同時調低了低音域的音高,而不按平均律[3][4]

1962年,Harvey Fletcher等人表示:偏差音的重要性在於,它讓琴音聽起來更像鋼琴,帶有溫暖的特質。實驗也顯示:多數的演奏者較滿意憑聽覺調出的音。用儀器調出的音,聽起來感到高音域偏低,低音域又偏高。這是屬於人聽覺上的共同習慣性[3]

參考資料

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  1. ^ D.W. Martin and W.D. Ward (1961). Subjective evaluation of musical scale temperament in pianos, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., v. 33, 582-585.
  2. ^ Bryner, J. C. (2009). Stiff-string theory: Richard Feynman on piano tuning, Phys. Today, v. 62, no. 12, p. 46.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 劉客養,初探鋼琴十二平均律調音页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  4. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为ref4的参考文献提供内容
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偏差音
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