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倪说.
倪说(?—?),又作皃(貌)辯、兒辯、倪辯、兒辨,字說,一作兒說或倪說,戰國時期宋國人,名家人物,齊國靖郭君門客,曾為被罷黜的靖郭君遊說齊宣王[1]。據說是《白馬論》的創始人,早於公孫龍。其思想屬於名家,亦有道家楊朱的淵源。
貌辯久居田齊,人稱齊貌辯,拜入薛公靖郭君門下,由於為人不拘小節,有許多缺點。門客們與靖郭君之子田文(孟嘗君)都很討厭他,其中一個門客士尉進言驅逐「貌辯」,不成,於是辭職;孟嘗君也私下地向靖郭君進言,要驅逐貌辯。靖郭君非常生氣,說:「就算是把你們這些孩子都殺了,把我家都滅了,我也不答應。」還命令自己的長子為「貌辯」駕車,給「貌辯」最上等的房舍,以上賓之禮相待。齊宣王即位,妒忌靖郭君,靖郭君被罷黜,回到封地薛國居住,貌辯要去見齊宣王,靖郭君勸阻,但貌辯不怕死,依然去了,並告訴宣王,靖郭君對宣王非常忠誠,誓死擁立,也拒絕了楚國宰相昭陽以更大食邑的攏絡。宣王非常感動,拜靖郭君為宰相。[2]
《韓非子》說,貌辯善於雄辯術,以《白馬非馬》之說,辯勝了齊國稷下學者,但乘白馬進城門被士兵攔阻時,貌辯乖乖地為白馬繳納了過路費[3],所以法家的思想,可以勝過名家的雄辯。
- ^ 《崑山倪氏族譜》辯公,或稱「齊貌辨」,又字「說」,即韓非子所謂「兒說,善辯者也」。辯公之客齊也,初任本真,人皆讒之,靖郭言「破家、殺子」亦不予,及至靖郭逐,辯公冒死說宣王,一稱宣王之不廢,靖郭死立;二稱楚相之厚賂,靖郭死距,靖郭得相,是公力也。
- ^ 《戰國策》〈齊策.靖郭君善齊貌辨〉齊貌辨之為人也多疵,門人弗說。士尉以証靖郭君,靖郭君不聽,士尉辭而去。孟嘗君又竊以諫,靖郭君大怒曰:「剗爾類,破吾家,苟可慊齊貌辨者!吾無辭為之。」於是舍之上舍,令長子御,旦暮進食。數年,威王薨,宣王立。靖郭君之交,大不善於宣王,辭而之薛,與齊貌辨俱留。無幾何,齊貌辨辭而行,請見宣王。靖郭君曰:「王之不說嬰甚,公往必得死焉。」齊貌辨曰:「固不求生也,請必行。」靖郭君不能止。齊貌辨行至齊,宣王聞之,藏怒以待之。齊貌辨見宣王,王曰:「子,靖郭君之所聽愛夫!」齊貌辨曰:「愛則有之,聽則無有。王之方為太子之時,辨謂靖郭君曰:『太子相不仁,過頤豕視,若是者信反。不若廢太子,更立衛姬嬰兒郊師。』靖郭君泣而曰:『不可,吾不忍也。』若聽辨而為之,必無今日之患也。此為一。至於薛,昭陽請以數倍之地易薛,辨又曰:『必聽之。』靖郭君曰:『受薛於先王,雖惡於後王,吾獨謂先王何乎!且先王之廟在薛,吾豈可以先王之廟與楚乎!』又不肯聽辨。此為二。」宣王大息,動於顏色,曰:「靖郭君之於寡人一至此乎!寡人少,殊不知此。客肯為寡人來靖郭君乎?」齊貌辨對曰:「敬諾。」靖郭君衣威王之衣,冠舞其劍,宣王自迎靖郭君於郊,望之而泣。靖郭君至,因請相之。靖郭君辭,不得已而受。七日,謝病強辭。靖郭君辭不得,三日而聽。當是時,靖郭君可謂能自知人矣!能自知人,故人非之不為沮。此齊貌辨之所以外生樂患趣難者也。
- ^ 《韓非子》〈外儲說左上〉:「兒說,宋人,善辯者也,持白馬非馬,服齊稷下之辯者,乘白馬而過關,則顧白馬之賦。故籍之虛辭則能勝一國,考實按形不能謾於一人。」
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