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使徒.
使徒(古希臘語:ἀπόστολος,英語:Apostle),原意是擔負使命的人、傳遞信息的人。
在基督教,是特別的宗教頭銜,天主教漢譯為宗徒或門徒,最早用於耶穌所親自揀選的十二名門徒。在基督教會(Ecclesia)之後,將這個名稱用在聖經圣靈揀選,有特殊使命的人,類似於先知。
字源
使徒的字根,源自通用希臘語的 ἀπόστολος(apóstolos),原意是「受派遣出去的人」;可以拆解成 από(apo,從)與 στολος(stólos,意思是船艦),意思是出外航行的人,也可以拆解為 από(apo,遠離、從)與 στέλλω(stello,送出),可以翻譯為拉丁文 ex(從)與 mitto(送出),由此組成拉丁文單字 emissary,意思是由此送出。也可以翻譯為拉丁文單字 missio,意思為某個肩負任務的人。英文的任務(mission)與傳教士(Missionary),就是由此衍生而來。
在猶太人中,有個官職,稱為 希伯來語:שליח(apostle),也可能是使徒的由來之一。
使徒被認為是肩負了特殊使命的門徒。
基督教
除了十二名由耶穌基督選用的使徒之外,包括使徒保羅、巴拿巴、以巴弗提等早期的教會領袖都曾被冠上使徒的頭銜。
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