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體感溫度

體感溫度(英語:apparent temperature)是指將人體所感受到的冷暖程度,轉換成同等之溫度。體感溫度會受到氣溫風速相對濕度的綜合影響。

原理

空氣對熱的吸收會受到相對濕度及其密度影響;而風速會影響到與人體表面可以接觸到的空氣的分量,當風速增加時,與人體所接觸的空氣會增加,所以其所帶走或帶來的熱量亦相應地增加,這現象便是「風寒指數」。因此,在天氣報告裡,會把這兩個變數帶來的影響計算進「酷熱指數」裡。一般來說,當空氣密度及濕度增加,都會使酷熱指數增加。

人體等於浸泡在空氣的水分子中,所以比體溫高溫的水分子會阻礙人體散熱,而比體溫低溫的水分子會加速人體散熱,濕度愈高空氣中的水分子濃度愈高,水分子所造成的效應也愈明顯。

THW指數

由於體感溫度可以受到溫度、濕度及風速的影響,這個數值又名「THW指數」(Temperature-Humidity-Wind Index)。1958年,美國的Paul Siple曾就風對人體的熱流失成正比例[1]。根據這說法和當時計算風寒指數的公式,簡化出以下的一條算式:

體感溫度(°C)=溫度(°C)-2√風速(公尺/每秒)。

由於和地面的距離所影響的是用溫度計可以量度出來的溫度差異,其差異不計算進體感溫度。

1984年,羅伯特·史特德曼(Robert G. Steadman)發表《體感溫度的通用公式》(A universal scale of apparent temperature[2]如下:

其中AT為體感溫度(°C)、T為氣溫(°C)、e為水氣壓(hPa)、V為風速(m/sec)、RH為相對濕度(%)。

此公式的設定針對暑熱天氣,當相對濕度越大、風速越小時,能得出較大(較熱)的體感溫度,此公式則由台灣中央氣象局預報各地體感溫度所引用。[3]

參見

參考

  1. ^ Paul Siple, quoted in: Cold Injury, 1958, Steven Horvath editor, Josiah Macy Foundation, p 216.
  2. ^ Robert G. Steadman , 1984, J Clim Appl Meteorol 23:1674–1687.
  3. ^ 中央氣象署數位科普網-反映天氣冷熱感受的「體感溫度」. [2024-03-01] (中文(臺灣)). 
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體感溫度
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