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蛋白质亚基

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Rendering of HLA-A11 showing the α (A*1101 gene product) and β (Beta-2 microglobin) subunits. This receptor has a bound peptide (in the binding pocket) of heterologous origin that also contributes to function.

蛋白质亚基(英语:Protein subunit)又称蛋白质次单元蛋白亚基,在结构生物学中是指一条多肽链或单个蛋白分子,其与别的蛋白组装(或“共组”)以形成蛋白复合体[1][2][3]。蛋白亚基属于组成具完整结构或功能蛋白质的一部分,其为相对独立的“结构域”、“结构片段”或“次级结构单位”;亚基也是蛋白质的最小共价单位,具有完整的三级结构[4]。蛋白质的大型装配体(如病毒)往往只使用少量类型的蛋白亚基作为构建单元[5]

一些天然存在的蛋白质具有相对少量的亚基,因此被描述为寡聚体,例如血红蛋白DNA聚合酶。其他蛋白可能由非常多的亚基组成,因此被描述为多聚体,例如微管和其他细胞骨架蛋白。多聚体蛋白质的亚基可以是相同,同源或完全不同的(每个亚基行使不同的功能)。

在一些蛋白质复合物中,一个亚基可以是酶催化反应的“催化亚基”,另一条“调节亚基”将促进或抑制此催化活性。尽管端粒酶以端粒酶逆转录酶作为催化亚基,但调节却由蛋白质以外的因子完成。组装时由调节亚基和催化亚基组成的酶通常称为全酶。例如,PI3K激酶由p110催化亚基和p85调节亚基组成。

一个亚基由一条多肽链组成;一条多肽链具有一个编码它的基因,这意味着一个蛋白质的每个独特的亚基都必须具有一个基因对应之。

参考

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  1. ^ Stoker, H. Stephen. General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 7th. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. 1 January 2015: 709–710 [2023-05-05]. ISBN 978-1-305-68618-2. (原始内容存档于2023-09-05). 
  2. ^ Smith, Michael B. Biochemistry: An Organic Chemistry Approach. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 27 April 2020: 269–270 [2023-05-05]. ISBN 978-1-351-25807-4. (原始内容存档于2023-09-05). 
  3. ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter. The Shape and Structure of Proteins. New York: Garland Science. 2002 [2023-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-26). 
  4. ^ 存档副本. [2021-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-28). 
  5. ^ Kumar, A.; Evarsson, A.; Hol, W. G. J. Multi-protein assemblies with point group symmetry. Vijayan, M.; Yathindra, N.; Kolaskar, A. S. (编). Perspectives in Structural Biology: A Volume in Honour of G.N. Ramachandran. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. 1999: 449–466 [2023-05-05]. ISBN 978-81-7371-254-8. (原始内容存档于2023-11-08). 

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蛋白质亚基
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