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二维空间

二維的笛卡儿坐标系

二维空間或譯二度空間(Second Dimension)是指僅由寬度水平線高度垂直線(在幾何學中為X軸Y軸)兩個要素所組成的平面空間,只在平面延伸擴展,同時也是美術上的一個術語,例如繪畫便是要將三维空間的事物,用二维空間來展現。

線性代數

線性代數中也有另一種探討二维空间的的方式,其中彼此独立性的想法至关重要。平面有二個維度,因為長方形的長和寬的長度是彼此獨立的。以線性代數的方式來說,平面是二維空間,因為平面上的任何一點都可以用二個獨立向量英语Coordinate vector的線性組合來表示。

数量积、角度及長度

二個向量A = [A1, A2]B = [B1, B2]的数量积定義為:[1]

向量可以畫成一個箭頭,量值為箭頭的長度即其,向量的方向就是箭頭指向的方向。向量A的長度為。以此觀點來看,兩個歐幾里得向量AB 的数量积定義為[2]

其中θ為AB角度

向量A和自己的数量积為

因此

這也是向量欧几里得距离的公式。

拓扑学

拓扑学的平面定義為是唯一可收縮英语contractible曲面

若從平面中移除任何一個點,剩下的空間仍然是連通空間,但已不是單連通空間。

圖論

圖論中,平面圖是指可以嵌入在平面中的,也就是圖可以畫在平面上,圖的各邊只會在端點相交。換句話中,可以在平面上畫出此圖,圖的各邊不會互相交叉[3]。這様的圖稱為平面图。

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ S. Lipschutz; M. Lipson. Linear Algebra (Schaum’s Outlines) 4th. McGraw Hill. 2009. ISBN 978-0-07-154352-1. 
  2. ^ M.R. Spiegel; S. Lipschutz; D. Spellman. Vector Analysis (Schaum’s Outlines) 2nd. McGraw Hill. 2009. ISBN 978-0-07-161545-7. 
  3. ^ Trudeau, Richard J. Introduction to Graph Theory Corrected, enlarged republication. New York: Dover Pub. 1993: 64 [8 August 2012]. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. (原始内容存档于2019-05-05). Thus a planar graph, when drawn on a flat surface, either has no edge-crossings or can be redrawn without them. 
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二维空间
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