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一般系統理論.
一般系統理論(英語:General systems theory),是所有系統理論(Systems theory)之基礎,用來解釋生物現象。生物體中的有機體(Organism)是個具有各種相互依存的故不分系統,而且每個系統又包含了一些次級系統,例如循環系統,在平常生活中人類社會也有自創的社會系統,例如運輸系統。一般系統理論的學說大致如下:
平行論(Paralleism)
貝特蘭非(L.Bertalanffy)除了創建了一般系統理論,也提出所謂的平行論,他認為必須把各層次整合且觀察平行現象,在找出普遍的法則以應付高度互動的動態系統,此外他也提出封閉系統(Closed System)和開放系統(Open System)的觀點。
系統層次
- 靜態的結構。
- 可以預先測定的簡單動態系統。
- 自動控制的調整系統。
- 開放系統或自我維持系統。
- 遺傳和社會的層次。
- 動物系統層次。
- 人類層次。
- 社會系統或人類組織層次。
- 超越性系統。
前三項層次屬於<物理與機械系統>;其次三項層次為<生物系統>;最後三項層次為<人類與社會系統>。
封閉系統與開放系統
<物理與機械系統>為封閉系統.但<生物和社會系統>為開放系統。<行政組織>為與<環境互動>之開放系統.
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