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一毛不拔

一毛不拔原是指戰國思想家楊朱所倡導的「為我」、「貴己」、「貴生」學說。他反對墨子兼愛儒家倫理主張,認為治國的大前提是既不損己為人,亦不損人為己,但這套思想在歷史上屢受非議,孟子認為他「拔一毛而利天下,不為也」,此後一毛不拔成為諷刺自私自利成語

背景

楊朱主張是「貴己」、「為我」。所謂「貴己」,是說「全性保真,不以物累形」,即順乎人類自然本性;「為我」則指行為應以個人出發。楊朱發表其思想時,各國諸侯為擴充王族領土而發動戰爭、驅策庶民以保王族利益,他認為這有違人性,非治天下之道。他說:「人人不損一毫,人人不利天下,天下治也。」[1]

楊朱的貴己說,主張追求個人獨立,衝擊當時的君權思想,他的一毛不拔論逐成為批判對象。孟子在《孟子·盡心篇》說:「楊子取為我,拔一毛而利天下,不為也。墨子兼愛,摩頂放踵利天下,為之。子莫執中,執中為近之,執中無權,猶執一也。所惡執一者,為其賊道也,舉一而廢百也。」後來韓非亦批評,楊朱「不以天下之大利,易其脛一毛」。

在小說中,一毛不拔成為成語,形容自私行為。《儒林外史》第四十一回:「都像你這一毛不拔,我們喝西北!」即使到了近代,這句成語仍然經常在現代漢語中出現,如《文明小史》說:「楊是一毛不拔的,也只會混在裡面,白吃白喝,只要對己有利,要其命也可,只要對人有利,要其毛也不。」[2]

正確理解一毛不拔的思想,須先了解語中潛詞,「拔一毛以利天下(而害己),不為也」,楊朱思想在漢朝後趨勢合流為廣義道家思想一脈,如與《陰符經》相輝映,有「恩害相生」的內容於義頗近。

参见

注释

  1. ^ 中國大百科智慧藏. [2006-12-19]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-29). 
  2. ^ 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本. [2006-12-19]. (原始内容存档于2008-03-10). 
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一毛不拔
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