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點字

讀凸字;上面刻住⠏⠗⠑⠍⠊⠑⠗,即係法文premier,係第一咁解。

凸字,又叫做點字,係一種畀盲人用嘅,等佢哋可以靠摸凸字讀書。凸字英文叫 braille,係法國人布雷爾 (Louis Braille) 響1829年發明。

凸字主要係同拉丁字母編碼,不過,唔同地方會因應各自語言特性而另行同凸字編碼。例如有英語點字、法語點字、日語點字等等。

由於中文字比較複雜,平時用開中文嘅地區都唔會直接將中文字化做點字,而係會選擇將每個字都用拼音拼出嚟,例如粵語有粵語點字(香港澳門等等地方通用);官話有現行盲文(中國大陸地區通用)、國語盲文(台灣通用)等等。世界上其他用漢字嘅地區有人曾經發明出漢點字用嚟表達日文入面嘅漢字,但係都仲未曾能夠普及到。

歷史

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布雷爾細個已經係嘅。拿破崙想有一套可以夜晚可以讀嘅字,畀軍人唔使出聲唔使光都可以讀得到。所以佢叫巴比 (Charles Barbier) 做一套,用十二個點編字,不過呢套嘢畀一般軍人就太難學,軍方唔受佢呢一套。咁1821年巴比就去到法國巴黎嘅國立盲人學院,就響呢度遇到布雷爾。布雷爾發覺十二點太難用,讀一個字唔可以唔郁手指,咁樣,手指唔可以郁好快咁讀晒成句。布雷爾將個碼改寫,變做六點,咁讀嘅速度會快好多。

格式

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凸字固名思義就係響紙或其他平面上面凸出嚟嘅字,而點字就道出咗佢係用來編字。

目前為止大多數流行嘅凸字方案都係好似布雷爾原本個方案咁樣有六點,排成長方形,每個方形代表代表一個字母或者符號。六點左右各三,排成兩棟,即係咁樣:

㊀ ㊃
㊁ ㊄
㊂ ㊅

每一點位都有個數字名,左邊嗰棟,由上至下,叫一二三。右邊嗰棟,上至下,叫四五六。要形容一格凸字,就會用凸起嗰啲點嘅數字嚟到描述嗰一格,例如拉丁字母M字嘅點字會係第一三四點凸起咗,嗰架點字就會叫做一、三、四(1-3-4)。

因為六點只能夠表達2嘅6次方,即係64種唔同文字,後尾有啲人想用凸字嚟表達其他更加多符號嘅嘢,例如話音樂樂譜、電腦編碼美國信息交換碼(ASCII)嘅所有符號、漢字之類,發現六點唔夠用,所以就加多兩點響下面,變做八點:

㊀ ㊃
㊁ ㊄
㊂ ㊅
㊆ ㊇

通常最低嗰兩點,左邊叫七,右邊叫八。有啲方案用呢七八點嚟分開拉丁字母大細楷同埋數字,但係冇普及到。

字母同數字

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點字
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