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靖難之變

靖難之變大明初年發生嘅一場政變建文元年(1399年),燕王朱棣不滿明惠帝朱允炆嘅削藩政策,用「清君側,靖內難」做藉口起兵發動政變,想推翻佢,最後響建文四年(1402年)成功攻陷應天府,惠帝失蹤,朱棣登位做咗明成祖

背景

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明太祖朱元璋為咗鞏固自己同子孫嘅統治,就封咗宗室二十幾人做藩王,駐守全國各地。呢啲藩王雖然冇封地嘅管治權,但係有自己嘅護衛軍隊,少嘅有三千人,多嘅有成一萬九千人,而駐守北方邊境嘅晉王、燕王同寧王嘅軍權仲大。

明太祖嘅太子朱標早死,太孫朱允炆係啲藩王嘅後輩,佢一早就覺得啲藩王可能會對佢構成威脅,所以就想削藩。

洪武三十一年(1398年)明太祖去世,朱允炆以皇太孫繼位,就係明惠帝。佢聽咗齊泰同黃子澄嘅建議開始削藩,之後就削咗周王、齊王、湘王、代王同岷王五位藩王。

經過

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燕王朱棣覺得朝廷會削埋佢,喺謀士姚廣孝嘅策劃下,喺建文元年七月響北平起兵造反,話惠帝身邊嘅齊泰同黃子澄係奸臣,要鏟除佢哋,叫自己起兵做「靖難」,朱棣好快就控制咗北平附近地區,兵力增至幾萬人。

朝廷派65歲老將耿炳文率兵30萬北上討伐。耿炳文嘅先頭部隊13萬人喺初期戰事度唔夠燕軍打,朝廷搵李景隆取代耿炳文打燕軍,又增兵到50萬人,但係李景隆輸得仲慘。朱棣喺呢段時間突襲寧王所在嘅大寧(喺今日嘅內蒙古寧城),挾持咗寧王朱權,控制埋佢嘅軍隊,軍力變得更強。

建文二年四月,燕軍喺白溝河打敗咗李景隆嘅60萬大軍,之後燕軍去到濟南,畀守城嘅盛庸同鐵鉉擋住,燕軍攻唔陷濟南。朝廷撤換咗李景隆,封盛庸做平燕將軍。十二月盛庸喺東昌大破燕軍,燕軍損失咗幾萬人同大將張玉。建文三年三月,燕軍喺夾河大敗盛庸,之後燕軍又多次打贏中央軍。

由於惠帝曾經講過「毋使朕負殺叔父之名」,因此中央軍同燕軍打仗嗰陣有所顧忌。喺夾河之戰嗰陣,朱棣同十幾個騎兵喺夜晚響敵軍營地附近露宿,天光嗰陣發覺畀中央軍包圍咗,朱棣就咁騎馬穿過敵軍營地走出去,啲中央軍一箭都唔敢射,就咁畀佢走咗去。[1]

建文三年冬天嗰陣,有不滿朝廷嘅宦官投靠朱棣,話畀佢知京城守備空虛,朱棣於是帶兵南下,繞過咗盛庸軍,直指南京。建文四年四月,中央軍徐輝祖等部隊喺齊眉山擊敗燕軍,朝廷以為燕軍已經撤退,調徐輝祖返京城,搞到前線嘅中央軍弱咗,跟住燕軍喺靈壁大破中央軍,大量中央軍投降。[2]五月燕軍打敗咗防守淮河南岸嘅盛庸,去到長江北岸。六月有水師向燕軍投降,燕軍渡過長江,谷王朱橞同李景隆開南京城門畀燕軍入城,皇宮起火,惠帝失咗蹤,朱棣坐上皇帝位,就係明成祖。

參考

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  1. 明史卷五
  2. 明史卷四
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靖難之變
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