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控制理論

一個簡單嘅回輸迴圈(上圖)同一架加緊速跑車(下圖);回輸迴圈可以用嚟想像簡化版嘅速度控制系統同埋好多第啲系統。

控制理論粵拼hung3 zai3 lei5 leon6英文control theory),又有叫控制論,係一套應用數學框架,旨在將運作緊嘅動態系統概念化噉想像做數學模型,並且分析呢啲系統可以點樣用各種嘅方法嚟控制[1]。呢類噉嘅分析喺工程學以至物理學上都成日會用到[2]

例如回輸迴圈(feedback loop)就係一種簡單嘅控制系統,一個回輸迴圈系統會攞某啲嘢做輸入,俾出個輸出,個輸出跟住又會向個系統提供返回輸(feedback)-而如果吓回輸係負回輸,就會壓抑個系統嘅運作,令個系統慢慢噉停低[3][4];舉個具體啲嘅例子[註 1],想像家陣要設計架自駕車,架車有感應器曉探測自己嘅速度係幾多(可以睇埋巡航定速[5]),

  • 設架車嘅速度做 ,如果架車探測到 (輸入; 係個事先揀好咗嘅值),個輸入就會啟動架車嘅加速系統 (輸入傳俾系統);
  • 跟住會傳訊號去車碌掕住嘅度令啲車碌旋轉,從而令架車提升速度(輸出);
  • 同時 又事先設好咗,一旦開始提升速度(輸出), 就要開始壓抑自己嘅活動(負回輸)-於是架車加速加到咁上下就唔會再加,達致「架車唔會超過安全速度」噉嘅效果。

進階嘅控制理論仲會分析更加複雜嘅系統,並且用數學方程式表達個系統嘅各個之間成咩關係,工程師等嘅人員就會用呢啲數學模型嚟嘗試剖析「個系統要點改良」等嘅問題[1]。除此之外,控制理論嘅分析方法仲有擴散到去心理學等嘅社科嗰度,俾人攞嚟分析嘅某啲行為[6]

定位

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一個嘅圖解;藍色箭咀表示個擺嘅 ,而紅色箭咀表示個擺嘅

2022 年嘅不列顛百科全書係噉樣形容控制理論嘅[7]

英文原文:"control theory, field of applied mathematics that is relevant to the control of certain physical processes and systems."
粵文翻譯:控制理論(係)應用數學嘅一個領域,關注對某啲物理過程同系統嘅控制。

喺嚴格嘅定義上,控制理論研究嘅係動態系統控制

  • 動態系統(dynamical system):動態系統係指啲特性會隨時間變化嘅系統[8];舉個例說明,想像一個用條繩吊咗喺天花板嗰度嘅[9]
    • 個擺因為受到嘅影響,而開始左右來回噉擺(簡諧運動),就噉睇已經可知,個擺嘅位置()會隨時間()而變化,噉即係話個擺嘅速度 隨時間嘅變率)實係一個唔係 0 嘅數值:
    • 進一步嘅觀察顯示,個 都係喺度係噉變(個擺向左移到咁上下就停咗喺度,再改為向右移...),噉即係話個擺嘅加速度 隨時間嘅變率)都係一個唔係 0 嘅數值:
    • 上述嘅係一個簡化例子,但淨係由上述講嘅嘢經已可知,呢個系統有最少兩個會隨時間變化嘅變數,所以呢個系統係一個動態系統。現實應用上嘅工程學會研究嘅系統-好似係各種嘅機械建築物[註 2]呀噉-都係動態系統[10]
  • 控制:大致上係指俾設計個系統嘅人隨心所欲噉決定個系統嘅狀態;而如果話一個系統曉控制自己,即係指個系統能夠「知道」自己身處咩狀態,並且能夠按照呢樣資訊嚟決定「俾咩反應」,再用自己俾嘅反應改變自己嘅狀態,令自己狀態變「想要」噉嘅樣[11];舉個例說明,想像一架內置咗人工智能自駕車
    • 架車識得用自己嘅感應器「知道」自己郁得幾快(攞到資訊,知自己處於咩狀態),
    • 如果if)發覺自己慢得滯,就決定要加速,而如果(if)發覺自己快得滯,就決定要減速(按攞到嘅資訊決定要俾反應),
    • 呢樣反應跟住會改變架車有幾快(反應改變自己狀態)
      -就算係做到控制自己[5]

控制理論就係想用數學嘅方法嚟研究好似上述噉嘅控制過程,會將動態系統嘅控制想像成抽象化數學模型

控制系統

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Feedback

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系統類型

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系統分析

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重要概念

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應用

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註釋

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  1. 呢個係個簡化咗嘅例子。
  2. 不過一棟建築物隨時間嘅變化可能慢得好交關,就噉用肉眼睇未必睇得出。

睇埋

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文獻

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  • Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological bulletin, 92(1), 111.

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Glad, T., & Ljung, L. (2018). Control theory. CRC press.
  2. Ogata, K. (2010). Modern control engineering (Vol. 5). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall.
  3. Bennett, Stuart (1992). A history of control engineering, 1930-1955. IET. p. 48.
  4. Wotherspoon, T.; Hubler, A. (2009). "Adaptation to the edge of chaos with random-wavelet feedback". J. Phys. Chem. A. 113 (1): 19-22.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Ulsoy, A. Galip; Peng, Huei; Çakmakci, Melih (2012). Automotive Control Systems. Cambridge University Press. pp. 213-224.
  6. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological bulletin, 92(1), 111.
  7. Control Theory. Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed on 4 Apr 2022.
  8. Strogatz, S. H. (2001). Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: with Applications to Physics, Biology and Chemistry. Perseus.
  9. Galeriu, C., Edwards, S., & Esper, G. (2014). An Arduino investigation of simple harmonic motion. The Physics Teacher, 52(3), 157-159.
  10. "Nature". Springer Nature.
  11. Control theory, tutorial by Simrock.

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控制理論
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