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R+树

R+树(英语:R+ tree)可以用地址来查询数据。地址用坐标来表示,一般是(x, y)轴坐标,常用于地理坐标。单个地址查询问题早已被解决,而多地址查询,或者查询在坐标系上的附近地址则需要更巧妙的算法。

R+树本质上来说是树结构,是R树的一个变体,也被用来检索空间信息。

R+树和R树的区别

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R+树是R树k-d树这两种空间检索方式的折中办法。为了避免子节点重叠,R+树允许把同一个对象插入到多个叶子节点中。当对象跟多个子节点相交时,将其切割成多份,使每一份只跟一个子节点相交。根据具体情况,可以让每个分割持有完整或部分数据,或者把对象存储在其它地方,每个分割持有一个指向存储位置的标识符。定义覆盖范围为树上所有外接矩形覆盖的区域,重叠范围为所有存在至少两个外界矩形的区域[1]。让覆盖范围尽量小可以减少R树上节点涵盖的“无效区”,也就是不存在对象的区域。让重叠范围尽量小可以减少搜索路径。就减少访问时间而言,最小化重叠范围比最小化覆盖范围更关键。为了提高搜索性能,要让覆盖范围和重叠范围都尽量小。

R+树和R树的区别在于:R+树的节点并不保证至少填充一半,节点互不相交,并且指向同一个对象的标识符可能会存在于多个叶子节点中。

优势

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因为节点互不相交,所以在搜索时最多只会有一个子树(子节点)覆盖一个点,因此R+树的点搜索操作性能极佳。在搜索一个点时,算法只需要沿着一条路径一直往下访问就可以了,这要比R树的访问量少很多。

劣势

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因为一个对象的外接矩形可能会被分割成多份分别插入不同的节点,所以使用同样的数据集,R+树可能比R树需要更多空间。创建和维护R+树也比R树和其它R树的变体更加复杂。

注释

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  1. ^ Härder, Rahm, Theo, Erhard. Datenbanksysteme. 2., überarb. Aufl. Berlin [etc.]: Gardners Books. 2007: 285, 286. ISBN 3-540-42133-5. 

参考资料

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R+树
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