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主题:地球科学/特色条目/5

1991年喷发后的皮纳图博火山

皮纳图博火山是一座层状活火山,位于菲律宾吕宋岛三描礼士打拉邦板牙三省的交界处,岩层主要由安山岩英安岩构成。1991年前,皮纳图博火山并不知名,而且受到严重侵蚀。当时它被茂密的树林覆盖,住有数千名矮黑族原住民,他们的祖先在1565年西班牙人征服菲律宾后从低地逃往山区。

1991年6月,皮纳图博火山爆发,是20世纪发生在陆地上第二大规模的火山爆发。这次爆发的火山爆发指数为6,与上一次已知的爆发相距450至500年(火山爆发指数为5),与上一次达到火山爆发指数6的爆发则相距500至1000年。这次爆发高潮被成功预测,火山附近的数以万计居民得以及时疏散,但爆发引起的火山碎屑流、火山灰和后来由雨水触发的火山泥流严重破坏了邻近的地区,数千间房屋和其他建筑物被摧毁,而旅游业损失亦高达300亿菲律宾比索。

火山爆发的效应蔓延至全球各地,火山喷出约100亿吨的岩浆和2千万吨的二氧化硫,为地表带来大量的矿物和金属;又对平流层注入大量的气溶胶,数月后,气溶胶在形成一层硫酸雾,全球平均气温下降约0.5摄氏度,臭氧层损耗亦短暂大幅增加。

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主题:地球科学/特色条目/5
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