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百分点

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百分点(percentage point,percent point)是用以表达百分数之间的算术的单位。

假设:本月的失业率是百分之五(5%),而上月的失业率是百分之四(4%)。那么可以说:本月的失业率比上月微升了“一个百分点”。(而非百分之一或1%)

百分数(或称百分比)是计算比例的数,是比较两个数量的方法。但百分数本身也是数量,因此,比较不同的百分数,就可以用百分数表达其比例关系,或者百分点表达其数值差距。

举例说,0.05和0.2分别是数,而且可分别化为百分数(5%和20%)。于是比较这两个数值有几种方法:
一、0.2是0.05的四倍,也就是说20%是5%的四倍,即百分之四百(400%)。
二、0.2比0.05多三倍,也就是说20%比5%多三倍,即百分之三百(300%)。
三、0.2比0.05多出0.15,也就是说20%比5%多十五个百分点

可见,首两种比较百分数的方法比较容易令受众混淆。所以比较百分数时,百分点通常被接受为正确和恰当的的单位。

由于百分比除了表达比例外,还可用以计算可能性(机会率)或风险,所以比较这类数字时亦会用到百分点。

要留意的是,在汉语中,“百分比”和“百分点”这两组字的用法有所不同。
正确的格式是:“百分之若干”以及“若干个百分点”。

参看

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百分点
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