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Mark 39氢弹

Mark 39氢弹
1961年B-52同温层堡垒轰炸机空难后寻获的其中一枚Mark 39氢弹,被寻获时发现其的五道爆炸程序已经打开

Mark 39核弹以及W39核弹头是美国的一种热核武器,它们于1957-1966年间服役。

Mark 39设计是一种热核武器(参见泰勒-乌拉姆构型),其爆炸当量为380万吨。它重6,500-6,750磅(2,950-3,060 kg),[1]长11尺8寸(3.556 m),[1]直径为2尺11寸(88.9 cm)。[1]Mark 39是Mark 15核弹的改进型号(TX-15-X3Mark 39 Mod 0的设计相同)。Mark 15是美国第一枚轻量热核核弹。

W39核弹头的直径为35寸(89 cm),长106寸(270 cm),重6,230-6,400磅(2,830-2,900 kg)。W39用于SM-62 Snark导弹英语SM-62 SnarkPGM-11红石短程弹道导弹上,由B-58轰炸机英语Convair B-58 Hustler所携带。

戈尔兹伯勒事件

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1961年1月24日,携带2枚Mark 39核弹的B-52同温层堡垒战略轰炸机在空中解体,于北卡罗来纳州接近戈尔兹伯勒的地方坠毁。根据桑迪亚国家实验室一名核安全主管Parker F. Jones所说,一份在2013年解密的1969年的报告指,Mark 39核弹有4道安全机制,其中一个在空中时无效。其中一枚炸弹的另外两个安全机制“因轰炸机解体而失效”。因此,Jones注意到炸弹仅依靠第4道安全机制,一个简单“随时可被触动的安全”(ready-safe)电子开关,来防止炸弹爆炸。[2]

Broken Arrow: The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents(中译:《破损的箭矢:美国核武器事故的解密历史》) 的作者Michael H. Maggelet 与James C. Oskins援引一份解密报告对这一说法提出异议。他们声称“准备就绪”(arm-ready)按钮是处于安全位置,高压电池并没有启动,这将阻碍对引爆炸弹所需的点火电路以及中子产生器进行充能,加上旋转式安全开关被损坏,防止了x-元件(点火用电容器)的启动。用于加速核聚变的氚储藏箱也已满,尚未注入至武器的初级核弹中。这会导致武器初级核弹的爆炸当量明显减少,并且这不能触发武器的二阶段核聚变。[3][4]

展品

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一个Mark 39的外壳被展示在俄亥俄州西南部代顿的美国空军国家博物馆的冷战廊台上。该炸弹是于1993年来自嘉德兰空军基地英语Kirtland Air Force Base国家核科学及历史博物馆英语National Museum of Nuclear Science & History(英语:National Museum of Nuclear Science & History)。

参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Swopes, Bryan. Mark 39 Nuclear Bomb Archives. This Day in Aviation. [2020-12-01]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-10) (美国英语). 
  2. ^ Pilkington, Ed. US nearly detonated atomic bomb over North Carolina – secret document. The Guardian (London). September 20, 2013 [September 20, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-01). 
  3. ^ Maggelet, Michael. Goldsboro - 19 Steps Away from Detonation. Nuclear weapons accidents blog. March 5, 2013 [July 4, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-25). 
  4. ^ Maggelet, Michael H.; Oskins, James C. Broken Arrow - The Declassified History of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Accidents. 2008. ISBN 978-1435703612. 
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Mark 39氢弹
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