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工字梁

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振动的工字梁图示

工字梁,是截面为工字形状的长条钢材。是结构工程中所用的柱子的构建用钢材总称,又称工字铁,因横截面如中文“工”字而得名。按照欧拉-白努力梁理论Euler–Bernoulli beam theory),这种结构抗弯曲和抗剪切刚度很强,但抗扭转刚度则较差。

历史

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此章节需要扩充。 (2023年8月1日)

1849年Forges de la Providence英语Forges de la Providence获得专利。

总览

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目前的工字梁主要有两种。一种是卷曲型钢还有一种是平面大梁。卷曲型钢可以用冷却卷曲cold rolling)或热卷曲hot rolling),挤压卷曲来获得。而平面大梁可以用焊接或用水泥覆盖来获得。

设计

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各种不同型号和大小的型钢被广泛应用在建造工业中。可利用的平台提供了一个选择合适型钢的可能。H 型钢即可被当作子使用,也可当作来使用。

铁路用的铁轨形状也类似工字梁,不过因为要承受车轮的辗压及摩擦,上部较窄但较厚,下部较宽且较薄。

种类

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  • 以所用钢的材料划分:工字钢可用A3F低碳钢轧制;也有用A5、15MnV、16Mn、l8Nbb等钢种轧制者。
  • 以截面不同划分:普通工字钢、轻型工字钢和宽翼缘工字钢,在高度相同时,轻型工字钢腰厚较薄,重量较轻,但承载能力大。宽翼缘工字钢又称H型钢,腿内侧没有斜度。
  • 以生产方式划分:直轧、斜轧、直斜混合轧和其他轧法的工字钢,近年来出现将钢板焊接成工字钢,用于桥梁等建筑工程。
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工字梁
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