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狄拉克符号

狄拉克符号狄拉克标记(英语:Dirac notation)是量子力学中广泛应用于描述量子态的一套标准符号系统。在这套系统中,每一个量子态都被描述为希尔伯特空间中的态矢量,定义为右矢ket):;每一个右矢的共轭转置定义为其左矢bra);换一种说法,右矢的厄米共轭(即取转置运算加上共轭复数运算),就可以得到左矢。

此标记法为狄拉克于1939年将“bracket”(括号)这个词拆开后所造的。[1]在中国方面,一些旧有的教科书和文献中也将其译为“刁矢”和“刃矢”、或“彳矢”和“亍矢”,现已弃用。

矩阵表示

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右矢与左矢可分别用N×1阶和1×N阶矩阵表示为:

不同的两个态矢量的内积则由一个括号来表示:,当狄拉克符号作用于两个基矢时,所得值为:克罗内克函数

相同的态矢量内积为:

性质

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因为每个右矢是希尔伯特空间中的一个矢量,而每个右矢-左矢关系是内积,而直接地可以得到如下的操作方式:

  • 给定任何左矢、右矢以及,还有复数c1c2,则既然左矢是线性泛函,根据线性泛函的加法与标量乘法的定义,
  • 给定任何右矢、左矢以及,还有复数c1c2,则既然右矢是线性泛函
  • 给定任何右矢,还有复数c1c2,根据内积的性质(其中c*代表c的复数共轭),
对偶。
  • 给定任何左矢及右矢,内积的一个公理性质指出
  • 给定任何算符、左矢及右矢,它们之间的合法相乘满足乘法结合公理,例如,[2]:16-17

相关条目

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参考文献

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  1. ^ PAM Dirac. A new notation for quantum mechanics 35 (3). 1939: 416–418 [2014-01-31]. doi:10.1017/S0305004100021162. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03).  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  2. ^ Sakukrai, J. J.; Napolitano, Jim, Modern Quantum Mechanics 2nd, Addison-Wesley, 2010, ISBN 978-0805382914 
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狄拉克符号
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